Social Sciences Flashcards
Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
Functionalism
William James
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud
Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler
Gestalt Psychology
animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus
Ivan Pavlov - behaviorism
focused directly on observable behavior and tried to bring that behavior under control.
John Watson - behaviorism
consequences, reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior
B.F. Skinner - behaviorism
Proponents of humanism
Maslow & Rogers
so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to motivate behavior
Maslow
Client centered therapy: therapist plays an important role in interpreting what conscious behavior reveals about the unconscious mind
Rogers
“Scaffolding” - allow neuronal communication provide insulation to neurons, transport nutrients and waste products
Glial cells
serve as interconnected information processors
Neurons
known as cell body
soma
serve as input sites where signals are received from other neurons
dendrites
part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.
axon
small space between two neurons and is an important site where communication between neurons occurs
Synaptic cleft
Muscle action, memory
Acetylcholine
Pain, pleasure
Beta-endorphin
Mood, sleep, learning, motivation, movement, and cognition
Dopamine
Brain functions, sleep, produces calming effect
Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
Memory, learning
Glutamate
Heart, intestines, alertness
Norepinephrine
Mood, sleep
Serotonin
chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter at the receptor site.
agonist
blocks or impedes the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the receptor
Antogonist
associated with higher level processes such as consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory
Cerebral Cortex
distinctive pattern of folds or bumps on cerebral cortex
Gyri
Grooves on cerebral cortex
Sulci
most prominent sulcus, deep groove that separates the brain into two halves or hemispheres: the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere
Longitudinal Fissure
allows the two hemispheres to communicate with each other
Corpus Callosum
Frontal lobe parts
Prefrontal Cortex: responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning
Broca’s Area: essential for language production
involved in processing information from the body’s senses
Parietal lobe
processing sensory information from across the body - touch, temperature, and pain
Somatosensory cortex:
responsible for processing auditory information
Temporal Lobe
interpreting incoming visual information
Occipital Lobe
sensory relay for the brain, all our senses except for smell are routed through the thalamus before being directed to other parts of the brain
Thalamus
involved in processing both emotion and memory
sense of smell directly projected
Limbic System
structure for learning and memory
Hippocampus
emotional meaning to our memories
Hypothalamus
internal rhythms of biological activity
biological rhythm
biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours, sleep-wake cycle
Circadian rhythm
characterised by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness
Rapid-Eye Movement (REM)
How many NREM stages are there?
3
transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep
Stage 1
relatively low frequency (8–13Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized
Alpha waves
even lower frequency (4–7 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves
Theta waves
body goes into a state of deep relaxation
Theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles brief
Stage 2
Deep sleep/Slow wave sleep
Stage 3
referred to as paradoxical sleep because of combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone
REM sleep
dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. A person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming
Lucid dreams
Cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, MDMA are examples of _________
stimulants
stimulants ______ appetite
decrease
decreased heart rate increased blood pressure
Sedative-hyponotics
Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression.
Opiates
state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli
Hypnosis
conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential
Transduction
messages that are presented below the threshold for conscious awareness
Subliminal Messages
the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced
Perception
Sensory information from a stimulus in the environment driving a process
Bottom-up Processing
knowledge and expectancy driving a process
Top-Down Processing
When we don’t perceive stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time
Sensory Adaptation:
transparent covering over the eye and is involved in focusing light waves that enter the eye
Cornea
small opening in the eye through which light passes
Pupil
Light-sensitive lining of the eye
Retina
indentation on back of eye where lens will focus images, part of retina
Fovea
Types of photoreceptors
cones = bright light
rods = low light
some cells of the visual system are excited by one of the opponent colors and inhibited by the other
Opponent Process Theory
Associated with a taste for monosodium glutamate
Umami
respond to pressure and lower frequency vibrations
Meissner’s Corpuscles
detect transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations
Pacinian Corpuscles
detect stretch
Ruffini Corpuscles
respond to light pressure
Merkel’s Disks
a signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain
Nociception
contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture, involves - utricle, saccule, and the three semicircular canal
Vestibular Sense
the brain creates a perception that is more than simply the sum of available sensory inputs, and it does so in predictable ways
Gestalt Principles of Perception
According to the Gestalt Principles of Perception we tend to segment our visual world into _______ and ________
figure and ground
innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, like maturation and the change of seasons.
Instinct
process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.
Classical conditioning
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus
Unonditioned response (UCR)
stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence
operant conditioning
mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
Schema
a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine
Event Schema/Cognitive Script
the way words are organized into sentences
Syntax
Problem Solving Strategy
Trial & Error
Algorithm
Heuristic
Working backwards; breaking a task into steps
Heuristic
Theory of Intelligence
Sternberg
Types of intelligence according to sternberg
Analytical
Creative
Practical
Multiple intelligence
Howard Gardner
encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
Automatic Processing
Information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
2 types of explicit memory
Episodic memory
Sematic memory
2 types of implicit memory
Procedural Memory
Priming
Information about events we have personally experienced
Episodic memory
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
Semantic Memory
long-term memories that are not part of our consciousness
Implicit Memory
exposure to a stimulus affects the response to a later stimulus
Priming
set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
memory
you cannot remember new information, although you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury
Anterograde Amnesia
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma
Retrograde amnesia
childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults
Psychosexual Theory of Development by Sigmund Freud
Stages 1-3 of Psychosexual Theory
1 Trust VS Mistrust (0-1y/o)
2 Autonomy VS Shame/Doubt (1-3)
3 Initiative VS Guilt (3-6)
Stages 4-6 of Psychosexual Theory
4 Industry vs. Inferiority (7-11)
5 Identity vs Confusion (12-18)
6 Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-29)
Stages 7-8 of Psychosexual Theory
7 Generativity vs. Stagnation (30-64)
8 Integrity vs. Despair (65+)
Cognitive Theory of Development
Piaget
World experienced through senses and actions
Sensorimotor
Use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning Have not developed conservation
Preoperational
Understand concrete events and analogies logically
perform arithmetical operations
Concrete Operational
Utilize abstract reasoning
Formal Operational
Sociocultural Theory of Development
Lev Vygotsky
Moral Theory of Development by
by Lawrence Kohlberg
Classical Conditioning is proposed by _________
Ivan Pavlov
Instrumental Conditioning is proposed by _______
Burrhus F. Skinner
Insightful learning is proposed by ________
Wolfgang Kohler
Social learning is proposed by _________
Albert Bandura
behavior theory was proposed by ________ and ______
Whiting and Child
Theory of unconscious motivation is manifested in a form of _______
dreams
the cognitive theory of motivation states that ______ controls behavior
goals
cognitive theory of motivation is proposed by _______
John W. Atkinson
Body types personality was proposed by _________
William Sheldon
Behavior types theory was proposed by _______
Carl Jung
