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NMAT 2022 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

carbohydrates are hydrolysed into _____ and ______

A

aldose and ketone

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2
Q

glucose + galactose = _________

A

lactose

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3
Q

Glucose + glucose = _________

A

Maltose

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4
Q

Glucose + fructose =

A

Sucrose (table sugar)

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5
Q

Formed via the formed via the β-1,4 glycosidic linkage of a β-galactose and β-glucose

A

lactose

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6
Q

Formed via the α-1,4 glycosidic linkage of two α-glucose molecules

A

maltose

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7
Q

Formed via the formed via the α-1,2 glycosidic linkage of an α-glucose molecule and a β-fructose molecule

A

sucrose

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8
Q

storage carbohydrate in plants

A

starch

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9
Q

storage carbohydrate of animals

A

Glycogen

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10
Q

polysaccharides are broken into monosaccharides via ______

A

hydrolysis

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11
Q

3-10 monosaccharide units

A

Oligosaccharides

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12
Q

hydrolysis of sugar

A

Saccharification

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13
Q

metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid.

is an anaerobic process

A

fermentation

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14
Q

identified through the presence of a free anomeric carbon

A

reducing sugar

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15
Q

lack a free anomeric carbon

A

non-reducing sugar (ex. sucrose)

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16
Q

proteins are made up of ________

A

amino acids

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17
Q

True or False
essential amino acids are synthesized by the body

A

false
essential amino acids are cannot be synthesized by the body

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18
Q

peptide linkages are made of ______ of one amino acid and ______ group of another amino acid

A

peptide linkages are made of nitrogen of one amino acid and carboxyl group of another amino acid

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19
Q

determined by kind and order of amino acids in a protein

A

Primary Structure

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20
Q

determined by type of chain and hydrogen bonding within the molecule

A

Secondary structure

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21
Q

overall shape of the molecule

A

Tertiary Structure

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22
Q

refers to interaction between protein molecules

A

Quaternary Structure

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23
Q

Proteins can be denatured by (4)

A

heat, acid, base or alcohol

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24
Q

Enzymes are ______ that drive reaction rates forward

A

catalysts

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25
Q

lower the activation energy

A

catalysts

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26
Q

forms an enzyme-substrate complex

A

Active sites

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27
Q

The Rate of an Enzyme-Substrate reaction is ________ to the concentrations of both the enzyme and the substrate.

A

directly proportional

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28
Q

interact with the reactants in the same phase; do not change their current states

A

Homogenous Catalysts

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29
Q

interact with the reactants not in the same phase
use of solid catalysts

A

Heterogenous Catalysts

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30
Q

Types of Enzyme catalysts

A

Oxidoreductase
Transferases
Hydrolases
Lyases
Isomerases
Ligases

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31
Q

What is the type of enzyme catalyst when alcohol dehydrogenase, converts primary alcohols –> aldehydes

A

Oxidoreductase

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32
Q

move functional groups from one molecule to another

A

Transferases
(ex. alanine aminotransferase moves alpha-amino group between alanine + aspartate)

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33
Q

break single bonds by adding elements of water

A

Hydrolases
(ex. phosphatases)

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34
Q

forms or removes a double bond with group transfer

A

Lysases

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35
Q

Transfers functional groups like amino groups, water and ammonia

A

Lyases

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36
Q

convert a molecule from one isomer to another

A

Isomerases

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37
Q

remove elements of water between two functional groups to form a single bond

A

ligases

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38
Q

Anabolism requires energy for completion and therefore _____

A

endothermic

39
Q

Catabolism releases energy and is therefore ______

A

exothermic

40
Q

reagents that cause denaturation of proteins

A

heat above 50degC or UV radiation
Organic compounds (ethyl alcohol)
Salts of heavy metal ions (mercury, silver + lead)
Alkaloidal Agents (tannic acid)

41
Q

True or False
Lipids are non polar in nature

42
Q

Fats are stored form of energy and are also known as _______ or _________

A

triacylglycerols
triglycerides

43
Q

Fats are made up of fatty acids and either _____ or _____

A

glycerol or sphingosine

44
Q

A fat molecule consists of: ______ and ______

A

glycerol and fatty acids

45
Q

glycerol is made up of: (3)

A

3 carbons
5 hydrogens
3 hydroxyl (OH) groups.

46
Q

Fatty acids have a long chain of _______

A

hydrocarbons

47
Q

Saturated: _____ bonds
Unsaturated: ______ bonds

A

Saturated: single bonds
Unsaturated: double bonds

48
Q

stearic acid is an example of _____ FA

A

saturated FA

49
Q

Oleic acid is an example of ______ FA

A

Unsaturated

50
Q

Waxes are made up of:
_________ + ________

A

Esters of saturated fatty acids + long-chain alcohols

51
Q

have a glycerol or sphingosine backbone to which two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-containing group are attached

A

Phospholipids

52
Q

the basic structure of steroids have ___________

A

four fused carbon rings

53
Q

cholesterol is a type of ________

54
Q

Main function of nucleic acids (3)

A

heredity
protein synthesis
energy carriers

55
Q

Nitrogenous bases contain _____ and ______

A

carbon and nitrogen

56
Q

Purines

A

Adenine
Guanine

57
Q

Pyrmidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

58
Q

Five Carbon Sugar
DNA: ______
RNA: _______

A

DNA: deoxyribose
RNA: ribose

59
Q

Phosphate group is attached to the hydroxyl group of the ______ of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the ________ of the sugar of the next nucleotide

A

5′ carbon
3′ carbon

60
Q

bond between the nitrogenous base and 5-carbon sugar

A

Glycosidic bond

61
Q

bond between two 5-carbon sugars

A

Phosphodiester bond

62
Q

bond between two nitrogenous bases

A

Hydrogen bond

63
Q

Bases
DNA: ______
RNA: ______

A

DNA: A T G C
RNA: A U G C

64
Q

Detects presence of peptide bonds

A

Biuret Test

65
Q

Biuret test
Positive indicator:
Negative indicator:

A

Biuret test
Positive indicator: purple
Negative indicator: blue

66
Q

Tests for free amino and free COOH

A

Ninhydrin Test

67
Q

used to determine the amount of protein soluble in a solution, using concentrated nitric acid

A

Xanthoproteic Test

68
Q

used to detect the presence of soluble proteins

A

Millon-Nasse Test

69
Q

used for detecting the presence of tryptophan in proteins.

A

Hopkins-Cole Reaction

70
Q

used for detecting the presence of arginine in proteins

A

Sakaguchi Reaction

71
Q

Test is specific for sulphur containing amino acids

A

Lead Acetate Reaction

72
Q

Positive indicator for Ninhydrin Test

A

Blue or purple

73
Q

positive indicator for Xanthoproteic Test

A

Lemon yellow

74
Q

Positive indicator for Millon-Nasse Test

75
Q

Positive indicator for Hopkins-Cole Reaction

A

Violet ring

76
Q

Positive reaction for Sakaguchi Reaction

A

Intense red color

77
Q

Positive indicator for lead acetate reaction

A

Brown or black precipitate formed

78
Q

Proteins are denatured and coagulated on heating to give white precipitate

A

Heat and Acid

79
Q

Organic solvents like ethanol + acetone also precipitate proteins by reducing water concentration and reducing the dielectric constant

80
Q

Negative charge of reagents counteracts positive charge of amino group in proteins to make precipitate

A

Alkaloidal Reagents

81
Q

Positive charge of heavy metal cations counteract negative charge of carboxylate group in proteins to form precipitate

A

Heavy Metal Salts

82
Q

most proteins are less soluble in solutions of high salt concentrations because the addition of salt ions shield proteins with multi-ion charges.

A

Salting Out

83
Q

Tests for reducing sugar
because of free carbonyl group

A

Osazone Test

84
Q

Tests for carbohydrates and non-carbohydrates

A

Molisch Test

85
Q

Test to distinguish aldehydes and ketones

A

Fehling’s Test

86
Q

Tests for monosaccharides

A

Barfoed’s Test

87
Q

Test to distinguish aldose and ketose sugars

A

Seliwanoff’s Test

88
Q

Tests for presence of starch

A

Iodine Test

89
Q

Fehling’s Test
(Positive Indicator)

A

Aldehydes – green suspension and a red precipitate

90
Q

Osazone Test
(Positive Indicator)

A

Reducing Sugars
- Disaccharides: sunflowers
- Lactose: tight needles
- Monosaccharides: needle shaped or broomstick

91
Q

Molisch Test
(Positive Indicator)

A

Purple ring at junction of two liquids - Carbohydrates

92
Q

Barfoed’s Test
(Positive Indicator)

A

Brick red precipitate in 5 minutes

93
Q

Seliwanoff’s Test
(Positive Indicator)

A

Red Color = Ketohexoses
- Fructose

94
Q

Iodine Test
(Positive Indicator)

A

Purple
-Starch

NMAT 2022 (4 decks)

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