Social Psychology (CH 14)

Question 1

Social psychology

Answer 1

how people think about, influence, relate to other people

Question 2

Social cognition

Answer 2

how people use cognitive processes= perception, memory, thought, emotion= help make sense of other people as well as themselves

Question 3

Physical appearance

Answer 3

• One of the most powerful determinants= forms the impression about how trustful a person might be b/c of their face= takes 50 ms to determine
• Increased attractiveness= increased intelligence/ better adjusted/ healthier/ more inclined to be successful
• impression is formed with available info

Question 4

Social schemas

Answer 4

General knowledge structure stored in long-term memory= relates to social experiences/ people= once schema is categorized, it directs you to alter behavior

Question 5

Stereotypes

Answer 5

Social schemas that revolve around traits & behavior of groups & their members= race, age, sexuality

Question 6

Prototype theory of stereotypes

Answer 6

Assume we store abstract representations of typical features of groups; we judge individuals based on their similarity to the prototype

Question 7

Exemplar theory of stereotypes

Answer 7

Assume we store memories of particular individuals (exemplars) & these memories form the basis of stereotypes

Question 8

Self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer 8

Conditions= our expectations about the actions of another person actually lead that person to behave in an expected way
can be positive or negative

Question 9

Prejudice

Answer 9

Positive or negative evaluation or a group & its members

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

Those beliefs lead to behaviors that are directed against members of a group

Question 11

Explicit prejudice

Answer 11

Refers to negative attitudes about a group that are consciously endorsed

Question 12

Implicit prejudice

Answer 12

Prejudical thoughts that come to mind unintentionally & may not be consciously recognized/ controlled

Question 13

Attributions

Answer 13

Inference processes people use to assign cause & effect to behavior

Question 14

Covertion model of attribution

Answer 14

factor that covaries (happens) at the same time with behavior

• high consistency + high distinctiveness + high consensus= external attribution
• high consistency + low distinctiveness + low consensus= internal attribution

Question 15

External attribution

Answer 15

Attributing the cause of a person’s behavior to external event/ the enviornment

Question 16

Internal attribution

Answer 16

Attributing the cause of a person’s behavior to internal personality trait/ disposition

Question 17

Fundamental attribution error

correspondence bias

Answer 17

When people seek to interpret someone else’s behavior, they tend to overestimate the influence of internal personal factors & underestimate the role of situational factors

Question 18

Actor-observer effect

Answer 18

Tendency to attribute our own behavior to external sources but to attribute the behavior of others to internal forces

Question 19

Self-serving bias

Answer 19

Tendency to make internal attributions about one’s own behavior when outcome is positive & to blame the situation when ones behavior leads to negative
( A+ on a test= im smart!, F on a test= this teacher doesn’t like me smh)

Question 20

Attitude

Answer 20

Positive or negative which in turn predisposes us to act in certain ways; attributes are broken down into cognitive, affective, behavioral components
Defensive function= protects people’s basic beliefs about themselves & others

Question 21

Cognitive component

Answer 21

1st component of attitude= represents what people know/believe about the object of their attitude

Question 22

Affective component

Answer 22

2nd component of attitude= made up of feelings that object/event produces

Question 23

Behavioral component

Answer 23

3rd component of attitude= predisposition to act in a certain way

Question 24

Dissonance theory

Answer 24

Internal tension (dissonance) results from acting in ways inconsistent w/ beliefs

Question 25

Self-perception theory

Answer 25

Idea that we are active observers of our own behavior= we learn from behavior & use our actions as a basis for interring internal beliefs behavior is observed & attitudes follow that behavior

Question 26

Foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 26

Accepting to sign a petition or a small thing makes you 3x more likely to allow to do something bigger like a bigger sign on your lawn

Question 27

Low-balling technique

Answer 27

Salesperson lowering your resistance to buy something by making you think you're getting a better deal by buying something else

Question 28

Elaboration likelihood technique

Answer 28

2 primary routes of persuasion - central= focus attention to message - peripheral= unmotivated to process message

Question 29

Source characteristics

Answer 29

Features of the person who is presenting a persuasive message such as his/her attractiveness/power/fame

Question 30

Heuristics

Answer 30

processing shortcuts

Question 31

Social interference

Answer 31

Impairment in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others

Question 32

Social facilitation

Answer 32

Enhancement in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others

Question 33

Altruism

Answer 33

Acting in a way that shows unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Question 34

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 34

Expecting to be repaid when we do good for others

Question 35

Bystander effect

Answer 35

The reluctance to come to aid a person in need when other people are present

Question 36

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 36

Idea that when people know/think other people are present in a situation, they allow their sense of responsibility for action to diffuse/spread out widely among those who are present

Question 37

Power of the group

Answer 37

Made up of 3 sections= Social loafing, deindividuation, conformity

Question 38

Social-loafing

Answer 38

section 1 of power of group: put out less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone

Question 39

Deindividuation

Answer 39

section 2 of power of group: Loss of individuality/ depersonalization that comes from being in a group

Question 40

Conformity

Answer 40

section 3 of power of group: tendancy to comply with the wishes of the group=their opinions, feelings, & behaviors start to move towards group norm

Question 41

In-group

Answer 41

Group of individuals w/ whom one shares features in common or w/ whom one identifies

Question 42

Ostracism

Answer 42

When one is excluded & ignored by other members of the group

Question 43

Group-decision making

Answer 43

2 characteristics= group polarization & group think

Question 44

Group polarization

Answer 44

The tendancy for a group's dominent point of view to become stronger & more extreme with time

Question 45

Groupthink

Answer 45

The tendency for members of a group to be so interested in seeking a consensus of opinion that they start to ignore/suppress dissenting views

Question 46

Obedience

Answer 46

Form of complience that occurs when people respond to others of an authority figure

Question 47

Proximity

Answer 47

1st aspect of relationship= living close to someone or see them frequently builds attractiveness

Question 48

Similarity

Answer 48

2nd aspect of relationship= birds of feather we; stick together!

Question 49

Reciprocity

Answer 49

3rd aspect of relationship= tendency to return in the kind feelings that are shown to us

Question 50

Ingratiation

Answer 50

Person tries to conciously win affections for some ulterior motive

Question 51

Passionate love

Answer 51

Intense, emotional state characterized by powerful longing to be w/ specific person= intimacy, passion, with commitment lacking & pain if feelings aren't the same

Question 52

Companionate love

Answer 52

Emotional attachment characterized by feelings of trust & companionship= self-disclosure= intimacy & comittment w/ passion lacking