Learning from Experience (CH 7)

Question 1

Modeling

Answer 1

Imitate behavior of significant others= learning directly w/o consequences
(washing your toy car when your dad is washing his)

Question 2

Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule

Answer 2

reinforcement is delivered for the first response that occurs following a fixed interval of time
(every tuesday you are given a dollar bc your room clean)

Question 3

Negative punishment

Answer 3

Event removed from response= decreases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again
(taking away your car keys bc you were bad)

Question 4

Positive punishment

Answer 4

Event added to response= decreases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again
(mom yelling at you bc you were hassling the cat)

Question 5

Law of effect

Answer 5

Satisfying consequence= strengthened
Unsatisfying consequence= weakened
(the cat scratching the cage will be weakened bc it doesn’t help with getting out)

Question 6

Operant Conditioning/ Instrumental Conditioning

Answer 6

Organisms learn about consequences of THEIR OWN voluntary actions
(rat’s behavior of pressing the bar causes food to appear)

Question 7

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 7

Recovery of extinguished conditioned response after a period of time to conditioned stimulus

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

presenting conditioned stimulus repeatedly w/o unconditioned stimulus= loss in responding
(dog being taught that a bell= food, after a while the bell rings without food REPEATEDLY= dog will not respond to the bell anymore)

Question 9

Stimulus generalization

Answer 9

Assimilating established conditioned response with other stimuli that looks like it= forming the same response towards those stimuli
(lil Albert crying bc he sees that his grandpa’s beard looks just like a white rat he was conditioned to cry for)

Question 10

Second-order conditioning

Answer 10

Established conditioned stimulus is used to condition a 2nd neutral stimulus
(dog learning that ticking= meat powder, black square is presented with the ticking then later on just the black square without food. Dog associates black square with ticking= meat powder)

Question 11

Conditioned stimuli (CS)

Answer 11

Neutral stimulus+ unconditioned stimulus

foot steps are the conditioned stimulus bc it is a SIGNAL of the approaching food

Question 12

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 12

Response from conditioned stimulus in ANTICIPATION of the unconditioned stimulus
(dog salivating when hearing the footsteps that signal food bc he is anticipating being fed)

Question 13

Classical conditioning

Answer 13

Procedures= how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events= building learning relationships between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli that OCCURS OUTSIDE ONE’S CONTROL

Question 14

Variable ratio (VR) schedule

Answer 14

Certain # of responses are required for reinforcment= # typically changes
(you get a dollar after cleaning your room several times a week but that number of cleaning your room changes each week= continues to clean for room with a few pauses in between)

Question 15

Negative reinforcement

Answer 15

The REMOVAL of event after response= Increased likelihood of behavior reoccuring
(parents stop nagging you after you clean your room= removal of the annoying nagging)

Question 16

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 16

Stimulus situation= sets occasion for a response to be followed by reinforcement or punishment
(Being in class sets the occasion for engaging and being rewarded)

Question 17

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 17

Response produced automatically upon presentation of an unconditoned stimulus
(salivate when you see food)

Question 18

Reinforcement

Answer 18

INCREASES the likelihood of behavior occuring again

Question 19

Conditioned inhibition

Answer 19

Learning that signals the ABSENCE of uncontrolled stimulus

Bully not beating you up because a teacher is there

Question 20

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 20

Stimulus= automatically leads to a response that requires no training
(seeing food which causes the unconditioned response of salivating)

Question 21

Observable learning

Answer 21

Learning by observing the experience of others

Question 22

Shaping

Answer 22

Reinforcement is delieved for successive approximations of desired response
(rewarding dog when they come your way when you say sit= you become stricter in order to achieve accurate response)

Question 23

Variable interval (VI) schedule

Answer 23

Reinforcement is delivered for the first response after a variable interval of time
(randomly getting a dollar on a certain day of the week bc your room clean= wanting to do it consistently bc you’ll never know when you’ll get another dollar)

Question 24

Fixed ratio (FR) schedule

Answer 24

fixed number of reponses required for reinforcement

getting a dollar every 3rd time you clean your room

Question 25

Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 25

Rule= determines when particular response will be reinforced

Question 26

Continuous schedule

Answer 26

every response has rapid reinforcement

each time you clean your room you get a dollar

Question 27

Partial schedule

Answer 27

response had reinforcement some of the time

sometimes getting a dollar for cleaning your room

Question 28

Punishment

Answer 28

Consequences that DECREASE the likelihood of your behavior occruing again

Question 29

Conditioned reinforcers/ Secondary reinforcers

Answer 29

Stimulus= acquires reinforceing properties through prior learning= signals presence or absence of other events

Question 30

Positive reinforcement

Answer 30

The PRESENTATION of event after response increases the likelihood of the behavior reoccuring
(Giving you money every time you clean your room= increases the likelihood that you’ll clean it again)

Question 31

Habituation

Answer 31

Decline in tendancy to respond to an event that has become familiar through repreated exposure
(eating the same food during course of meal= decline in response= stop eating)

Question 32

Orienting response

Answer 32

Tendancy to notice/ respond to events at a certain direction

hearing a loud bang to the right of you= turning to look bc we nosey

Question 33

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 33

Responding differently to new stimulus than how one responds to an established conditioned stimulus
(Lil Albert not crying at the block of wood bc it didn’t look like a white rat)

Question 34

Sensitization

Answer 34

Increased responsiveness/ sensitivity to an event that has been repeated
(becomming annoyed at the repeated event of a water faucet leaking)

Question 35

Learning

Answer 35

Relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior that results from experience

Question 36

Acquisition

Answer 36

Conditioned responses become STRONGER with repeated CS+US pairings
(the more the dog hears a bell paired with food= stronger response)