Memory (CH 8)

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The capacity to preserve & recover information

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

The process that determine & control how memories are formed

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

The processes that determine & control how memories are stored & kept over time

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

The processes that determine & control the memories that are recovered & translated into performance

Question 5

Sensory memory

Answer 5

EXACT REPLICA of an environmental message= lasts a second or less

Question 6

Short-term memory

Answer 6

Limited capacity system= holds information after it has been analyzed for periods lasting less than a minute or two
can be maintained with internal repetition

Question 7

Iconic memory

Answer 7

System that produces & stores visual sensory memories= icons

Question 8

Icon

Answer 8

Lingering sensory memory trace

think of writing words with a sparkler

Question 9

Echoic memory

Answer 9

System that produces & stores auditory sensory memories

held for a brief time bc it’s waiting for the next input= plays a role in speech

Question 10

Inner voice

Answer 10

The notion is supported by errors that occur during short-term recall
(Encodes visual input to inner voice bc of acoustic errors)

Question 11

Inner eye

Answer 11

Visual images rely on the same brain mechanisms as normal visual perception

Question 12

Rehearsal

Answer 12

Strategic process= helps maintain short-term memories through interntal repetition

Question 13

Decay

Answer 13

Short-term memories are lost spontaneously over time

cannot explain most circumstances of forgetting

Question 14

Memory span

Answer 14

Typically 5-9 items that can be recalled from short-term memory in their proper presentation order

Question 15

Chunking

Answer 15

Short-term memory strategy= rearranging incoming information into meaninful/ familiar patterns

Question 16

Working memory model

Answer 16

3 distinct mechanisms that are important for short-term memory retention

Question 17

Phonological loop

Answer 17

Mechanism 1 of working memory model= temporarily stores verbal info & engages in repetitive rehearsal= corresponds to inner voice= plays critical role in language

Question 18

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 18

Mechanism 2 or working memory model= Short-term retention & processing of visual & spatial processing
(counting windows of your house with your inner eye)

Question 19

Central executive

Answer 19

Mechanism 3 of working memory model= controls & allocates how processing is divided across the Loop & Sketchpad mechanisms
(determines when each one would be used & coordinates their actions)

Question 20

Long-term memory

Answer 20

System used to maintain info for extended periods of time

Question 21

Episodic memory

Answer 21

Memories that tap into a moment from our PERSONAL past

remembering your first kiss

Question 22

Semantic memory

Answer 22

Knowledge about the world stored as facts= little/ no reference to one’s personal experiences

Question 23

Procedural memory

Answer 23

Knowledge about how to do things= rarely produce conscious experience of “remembering”
(riding your bike, tieing your shoe, athletic ability)

Question 24

Elaboration

Answer 24

7 forms of Encoding process= relating new info to already stored contents of long-term memory
(form 1= thinking about meaning)

Question 25

Relational processing

Answer 25

Form 2 of elaboration= thinking about words & what they mean & what properties they have in common= embellishing/ adding to the input

Question 26

Distinctiveness

Answer 26

Form 3 of elaboration= How unique/ different a memory record is from other things in your memory (the more unique= the more retrieval cues)

Question 27

Visual imagery

Answer 27

Form 4 of elaboration= The processes used to construct an internal visual image (memories themselves ARE NOT photographic)

Question 28

Distributed practice

Answer 28

Form 5 of elaboration= Using each repetition as an opportunity to encode material in an elaborate & distinctive manner (doing a lil bit something else during study breaks)

Question 29

Sequence position

Answer 29

Form 6 of elaboration= Putting most important things in the beginning (primacy effect) & at the end of the list (recency effect)

Question 30

Testing yourself

Answer 30

Form 7 of elaboration= practicing retrieval

Question 31

Mneumonic devices

Answer 31

Mneumonic= pertaining to memory= special mental tricks that help people think about material in ways that improve their later memory of it= requiring the use of visual imagery

Question 32

Method of loci

Answer 32

Using imagery to chose a familiar pathway & link things you want to remember to certain areas= creates an elaborate & distinct record= easy to access

Question 33

Peg-word method

Answer 33

Similar to the method of loci except the cues are linked to order (pegs) that you want to remember the items in (one bun= dog food in a bun type of imagery)

Question 34

Linkword system

Answer 34

Alternative to peg-word method= great for learning a foreign language. Using imagery to "dissect" a foreign word & using that to paint a visual image using the English translation (Lapin means bunny in french= "lap" & "in"= imagining a bunny on your lap

Question 35

Flashbulb memories

Answer 35

Rich memory records of circumstances surrounding emotionally significant/ surprising events that are often inaccurate (the attack on 9/11 & remembering what you were doing & then the george bush consipiracy theories about him watching the attack on T.V when it never was on T.V)

Question 36

Retrieval cues

Answer 36

Cues that help recover previously stored memories

Question 37

Free recall

Answer 37

Testing condition= remembering info without explicit retrieval cues= memories can't be accessed

Question 38

Cued recall

Answer 38

Testing condition= people are given an explicit retrieval cue to help them remember

Question 39

Encoding-retrieval match

Answer 39

Cue matches memory encoded | childhood amnesia is bc we had a poor match between the present & distant past

Question 40

Transfer appropriate processing

Answer 40

Encode material using same kind of mental processes that'll be required during test (memorizing that tug was spelled in lowercase bc the test with ask you if it was lowercase or not)

Question 41

Memory schema

Answer 41

Organized knowledge structure in long term memory which can be people, places, activities, routines= false/ inaccurate retention bc we rely on exsiting knowledge to "fill in the gaps" (assuming you had cereal today bc you have cereal everyday even tho you might've had some eggs instead)

Question 42

Implicit memory

Answer 42

Remembering WITHOUT conscious intent/ awareness= influenced by memory cues

Question 43

Explicit memory

Answer 43

Remembering WITH conscious/ willful memory= influenced by memory cues

Question 44

Forgetting

Answer 44

Loss of accessibility to previously stores material= depends on how an item was initially encoded, whether it was encountered again at a later time, & kinds of retrieval cues that are present during the point of remembering

Question 45

Savings method

Answer 45

Measuring how long it took to relearn the same material after various delays

Question 46

Reminiscence bump

Answer 46

Remembering events quite well from late adolescence to our 30s= point in time where we experience a bunch "firsts"

Question 47

Retroactive interference

Answer 47

Process in which the formation of new memories hurts the recovery of old memories= old retrieval cues become associated with a different memory

Question 48

Proactive interference

Answer 48

Old memories interfere with recovery of new memories (becoming fluent in a different language but English words still come to mind when trying to say a word in a different language)

Question 49

Repression

Answer 49

Defense mechanism to push threatening thoughts memories & feelings out of conscious awareness= capacity to affect behavior at an unconsciousness level= reduction of anxiety

Question 50

Amnesia

Answer 50

Forgetting that is caused by physical problems for the brain= induced injury/ disease

Question 51

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 51

memory loss of events PRIOR to the point of injury

Question 52

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 52

Memory loss for events AFTER point of physical damage= locked in your past= incapable of forming new memories for new experiences= result of brain damage

Question 53

Hippocampus

Answer 53

Critically involved in info & memory storage= interconnected with other areas in the brain too