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PSY 120H > Memory (CH 8) > Flashcards

Memory (CH 8) Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

The capacity to preserve & recover information

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2
Q

Encoding

A

The process that determine & control how memories are formed

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3
Q

Storage

A

The processes that determine & control how memories are stored & kept over time

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

The processes that determine & control the memories that are recovered & translated into performance

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5
Q

Sensory memory

A

EXACT REPLICA of an environmental message= lasts a second or less

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6
Q

Short-term memory

A

Limited capacity system= holds information after it has been analyzed for periods lasting less than a minute or two
can be maintained with internal repetition

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7
Q

Iconic memory

A

System that produces & stores visual sensory memories= icons

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8
Q

Icon

A

Lingering sensory memory trace

think of writing words with a sparkler

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9
Q

Echoic memory

A

System that produces & stores auditory sensory memories

held for a brief time bc it’s waiting for the next input= plays a role in speech

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10
Q

Inner voice

A

The notion is supported by errors that occur during short-term recall
(Encodes visual input to inner voice bc of acoustic errors)

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11
Q

Inner eye

A

Visual images rely on the same brain mechanisms as normal visual perception

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12
Q

Rehearsal

A

Strategic process= helps maintain short-term memories through interntal repetition

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13
Q

Decay

A

Short-term memories are lost spontaneously over time

cannot explain most circumstances of forgetting

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14
Q

Memory span

A

Typically 5-9 items that can be recalled from short-term memory in their proper presentation order

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15
Q

Chunking

A

Short-term memory strategy= rearranging incoming information into meaninful/ familiar patterns

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16
Q

Working memory model

A

3 distinct mechanisms that are important for short-term memory retention

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17
Q

Phonological loop

A

Mechanism 1 of working memory model= temporarily stores verbal info & engages in repetitive rehearsal= corresponds to inner voice= plays critical role in language

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18
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Mechanism 2 or working memory model= Short-term retention & processing of visual & spatial processing
(counting windows of your house with your inner eye)

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19
Q

Central executive

A

Mechanism 3 of working memory model= controls & allocates how processing is divided across the Loop & Sketchpad mechanisms
(determines when each one would be used & coordinates their actions)

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20
Q

Long-term memory

A

System used to maintain info for extended periods of time

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21
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memories that tap into a moment from our PERSONAL past

remembering your first kiss

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22
Q

Semantic memory

A

Knowledge about the world stored as facts= little/ no reference to one’s personal experiences

23
Q

Procedural memory

A

Knowledge about how to do things= rarely produce conscious experience of “remembering”
(riding your bike, tieing your shoe, athletic ability)

24
Q

Elaboration

A

7 forms of Encoding process= relating new info to already stored contents of long-term memory
(form 1= thinking about meaning)

25
Q

Relational processing

A

Form 2 of elaboration= thinking about words & what they mean & what properties they have in common= embellishing/ adding to the input

26
Q

Distinctiveness

A

Form 3 of elaboration= How unique/ different a memory record is from other things in your memory
(the more unique= the more retrieval cues)

27
Q

Visual imagery

A

Form 4 of elaboration= The processes used to construct an internal visual image
(memories themselves ARE NOT photographic)

28
Q

Distributed practice

A

Form 5 of elaboration= Using each repetition as an opportunity to encode material in an elaborate & distinctive manner
(doing a lil bit something else during study breaks)

29
Q

Sequence position

A

Form 6 of elaboration= Putting most important things in the beginning (primacy effect) & at the end of the list (recency effect)

30
Q

Testing yourself

A

Form 7 of elaboration= practicing retrieval

31
Q

Mneumonic devices

A

Mneumonic= pertaining to memory= special mental tricks that help people think about material in ways that improve their later memory of it= requiring the use of visual imagery

32
Q

Method of loci

A

Using imagery to chose a familiar pathway & link things you want to remember to certain areas= creates an elaborate & distinct record= easy to access

33
Q

Peg-word method

A

Similar to the method of loci except the cues are linked to order (pegs) that you want to remember the items in
(one bun= dog food in a bun type of imagery)

34
Q

Linkword system

A

Alternative to peg-word method= great for learning a foreign language. Using imagery to “dissect” a foreign word & using that to paint a visual image using the English translation
(Lapin means bunny in french= “lap” & “in”= imagining a bunny on your lap

35
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Rich memory records of circumstances surrounding emotionally significant/ surprising events that are often inaccurate
(the attack on 9/11 & remembering what you were doing & then the george bush consipiracy theories about him watching the attack on T.V when it never was on T.V)

36
Q

Retrieval cues

A

Cues that help recover previously stored memories

37
Q

Free recall

A

Testing condition= remembering info without explicit retrieval cues= memories can’t be accessed

38
Q

Cued recall

A

Testing condition= people are given an explicit retrieval cue to help them remember

39
Q

Encoding-retrieval match

A

Cue matches memory encoded

childhood amnesia is bc we had a poor match between the present & distant past

40
Q

Transfer appropriate processing

A

Encode material using same kind of mental processes that’ll be required during test
(memorizing that tug was spelled in lowercase bc the test with ask you if it was lowercase or not)

41
Q

Memory schema

A

Organized knowledge structure in long term memory which can be people, places, activities, routines= false/ inaccurate retention bc we rely on exsiting knowledge to “fill in the gaps”
(assuming you had cereal today bc you have cereal everyday even tho you might’ve had some eggs instead)

42
Q

Implicit memory

A

Remembering WITHOUT conscious intent/ awareness= influenced by memory cues

43
Q

Explicit memory

A

Remembering WITH conscious/ willful memory= influenced by memory cues

44
Q

Forgetting

A

Loss of accessibility to previously stores material= depends on how an item was initially encoded, whether it was encountered again at a later time, & kinds of retrieval cues that are present during the point of remembering

45
Q

Savings method

A

Measuring how long it took to relearn the same material after various delays

46
Q

Reminiscence bump

A

Remembering events quite well from late adolescence to our 30s= point in time where we experience a bunch “firsts”

47
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Process in which the formation of new memories hurts the recovery of old memories= old retrieval cues become associated with a different memory

48
Q

Proactive interference

A

Old memories interfere with recovery of new memories
(becoming fluent in a different language but English words still come to mind when trying to say a word in a different language)

49
Q

Repression

A

Defense mechanism to push threatening thoughts memories & feelings out of conscious awareness= capacity to affect behavior at an unconsciousness level= reduction of anxiety

50
Q

Amnesia

A

Forgetting that is caused by physical problems for the brain= induced injury/ disease

51
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss of events PRIOR to the point of injury

52
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Memory loss for events AFTER point of physical damage= locked in your past= incapable of forming new memories for new experiences= result of brain damage

53
Q

Hippocampus

A

Critically involved in info & memory storage= interconnected with other areas in the brain too

PSY 120H (4 decks)

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