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Psychology Test 3 > Social Psychology: attitudes & social cognitions > Flashcards

Social Psychology: attitudes & social cognitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Social pscyhology definition

A

examines influences of social processes on the way people think, feel, behave in a social context

= attitudes, perceptions, motives, group/intergroup, interpersonal processes

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2
Q

Attitudes

A

= + or - evaluation of people, objects, ideas

3 components of an attitude

  1. affective (emotional/evaluative)
  2. behavioural disposition
  3. cognitive belief
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3
Q

Attitudes

Role of attitudes

A

attitude strength = durability/impact

importance = personal relevance, psychosocial significance, more important = in strength

accessibility = eas of an attitude coming to mind, high = rapid/auto primed by evironment

cogntive complexity = intricacy of thoughts about different attitude objects

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4
Q

Attitudes

Attitudes and behaviour

A

not always indicative of behaviour

can predict actions IF attitude + action are both relatively specific

attitude is one of many influences

action is higher if part of a group with similar attitudes

shaped by personal experience = influence action

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5
Q

Attitudes

Changing attitudes - persuasion

A

= deliberate efforts to change attitude

  1. source
  2. message
  3. channel
  4. context
  5. receiver
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6
Q

Attitudes

Elaboration likelihood model

A

how likely it is that people will focus their cognitive process to elaborate on a persuasive message

central routes = think carefully, weigh argument, higher processing

peripheral routes = less rational, bypasses cortex straight to limbic system (gut, heart)

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7
Q

Attitudes: persuasian by own actions

DISSONANCE THEORY
Cognitive dissonance

A

= attitude change

state of conflict after making a decision, action, exposed to info that is contrary to beliefs ect

eg: smothing is dangerous BUT still smoke

conflict = psychological tension, motivates individual to change attitude to eliminate unpleasant feelings

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8
Q

Attitudes: persuasian by own actions

DISSONANCE THEORY
Dissonance reduction

A

decrease unpleasant feelings reinforce attitude change

  1. modify behaviour
  2. rationalise/defend attitude
  3. add cognitive consonant
  4. ignore dissonance
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9
Q

Attitudes: persuasian by own actions

SELF PERCEPTION THEORY (Bem)

A

people infer own attitudes, emotions, internal states by observing own behaviour

figure ourt WHY they act the way they do

  • acting now
  • acted in the past

ambiguous situations and unfamiliar events

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10
Q

Social cognition

Perceiving other people

A

first impressions = initial perception, affect future beliefs about them, frame of reference/schemas

halo effect = attribution of additional positive characteristics to someone who is physically attractive

minimal info = guide info processing about people + r/ships

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11
Q

Social cognition

Prejudice

A

schemas essential for social cognition
awry schematic processing = stereotypes/prejudice
prejudice IS an attitude (ABC)

prejudice = prejudgement, learned attitude, neg feelings/beliefs that justify attitude + behavioural intentionto avoid, control, dominate

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12
Q

Social cognition

Origins of prejudice

A

in-group bias

evaluation of own group as better
racism, sexism, ageism

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13
Q

Social cognition

Reversing prejudice

A

Muzafer Sherif = reducing hositlity requires contact AND cooperation to superordinate goals
contact hypotheses

Elliot Aronson = jigsaw classrooms

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14
Q

Social cognition

Attribution

A

attribution = process of inferring causes of mental states + behaviours of self and others

external attributions = behaviour due to the situation

internal attributions = behaviour reflects person

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15
Q

Social cognition

Attribution - intuitive psychologists

A

rely on intuitive theories, frame hypotheses, collect data on self/others, draw conclusions

dispositional + situational causes

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16
Q

Social cognition

Attribution Theory (Heider)

A

social perceiver uses info to generate casual explanations

making attributions relies on information:

  1. consensus - way most respond
  2. consistency - same responses/same stimulus
  3. distinctiveness - likelihood to respond same way to many different stimuli
17
Q

Social cognition

Covariation attribution theory - Harold Kelley

A

dealing with uncertainty

18
Q

Social cognition

Fundamental attribution error

A

= tendency to assum that other people’s behaviour corresponds to their internal states rather than external situations

underestimate situational factors
overestimate dispostional factors
aatirbute behaviour to personality

19
Q

Social cognition

Self-serving bias

A

= when people view themselves in a more positive light than others see them

credit for success, deny responsibilities of failures

narcissistic

20
Q

Social cognition

Roles of beliefs/expectancies

A

self-fulfilling prophecy = prediction modifies interactions, produce what is expected

behavioural conformity = perceiver expects a target to behave in a certain way, target acts, confirms perceivers prejudices/expectations

21
Q

Interpersonal Processes

The power of situation

A

social rules = behavioural guidelines (explicit/implicit)

social norms = expectation a group has for its members

social role = social-defined pattern of behaviour

22
Q

Interpersonal processes

Social influence - obedience

A

obedience = compliance with authority

Milgram experiments - how far people would go in obeying orders (shock an individual on command of another)

obedience paradigm

why? normative, informational, sources of info

23
Q

Interpersonal processes

Conformity

A

= tendency for people to adopt behaviours, attitudes, values of other members of a group

information influence - adopting what others do in ambiguous situation

norm crystallisation - expectation of a group converges into common perspective

24
Q

Interpersonal processes

Situational effects on pro-social behaviour

A

altruism = behaviour that helps other people without no apparent gain/with potential cost to oneself

athical hedonism = philosophical thoughts, all behaviour is/should be designed to inc own pleasure, dec pain

25
Q

Interpersonal processes

Situational effects on pro-social behaviour

Bystander Intervention

A

Latane & Darley

form of altruism and willingness to assist someone in need

​helps explain action/inaction in the presence of others

diffusion of responsibility = larger number of bystanders, dec sense of responsibility to act (equally responsible)

Psychology Test 3 (4 decks)

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