Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is motivation?

A

driving force behind behaviour that leads us to pursure some things and avoid other

  • makes us act the way we do
  • needs, wants, interests, desires = emergise/direct behaviour
  • starts, directs, maintains, stops behaviours
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2
Q

Origins of motives & motives reflect

Biological

A

limited in range - shared by all

related to reproduction and survival

Eg: eating

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3
Q

Origins of motives & motives reflect

Psychosocial

A

wide variety between individuals/cultures

Eg: comfort, love, need for relatedness

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4
Q

Motivation

Psychodynamic Perspective

2 basic drives and 2 other motives

A

emphasises biological basis of motivation

Frued: motivated by drives (internal tensions that build until they are satisfied)

2 basic drives: SEX & AGGRESSION

Now 2 other motives: NEED FOR RELATEDNESS & SELF-ESTEEM

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5
Q

Motivation

Psychodynamic Perspective

Wishes & Fears

A

clinical observation

WISHES = representation of a desired state (emotion/arousal)

FEARS = undesired state (unpleasant feelings)

Standardised wish and fear list

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6
Q

Motivation

Psychodynamic Perspective

Unconscious motives

A

motives can be unconscious

conscious (explicit) motives can override unconscious (implicit) ones

thematic apperception test (TAT) - projective test, reveal hidden emotions and internal conflicts

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7
Q

Motivation

Behaviourist Perspective

A

theory of operant conditioning

intneral state of organism influences reinforcement

motivated behaviour expressed:

DRIVES = internal states that arise in response to disequilibrium (arousal)

HOMEOSTASIS

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8
Q

Motivation

Behaviourist Perspective

Drive Reduction Theory

A

motivation stems from drive + reinforcement - based on concept of homeostasis

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9
Q

What is a primary drive?

A

innate or biological drive

hunger, thirst, sex

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10
Q

What is a secondary drive?

A

learned through conditioning/learning/modelling

originally neutral stimulus comes to be associated with drive reduction

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11
Q

What is an incentive?

A

behaviours motivated by presence of external stimulus or reward

control much of human behaviour

stimuli activate drive states rather than eliminate

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12
Q

Motivation

Evolutionary Perspective

A

20th C - behaviour motivated by instincts

Now - behaviour varies across cultures/individuals

behaviour is flexible = learning NOT instinct motivates behaviour

environment is important + reinforcement crucial

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13
Q

What are instincts?

A

fixed patterns of behaviour without learning

preprogrammed tendencies

essential for survival

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14
Q

Motivation

Evolutionary Perspective

Power & Love

A

motives that emerged in cross-cultural research

POWER = dominate rituals, establish status, protect their ‘turf’

LOVE = basic motive across cultures, caring for offspring, mates, kin, friends

motives related to mating (sexual motivation), parental care

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15
Q

Motivation

Cognitive Perspective

Expectancy Value Theory

A

motivation explained by VALUE people put on an outcome + whether they THINK they can achieve it

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16
Q

Motivation

Cognitive Perspective

Goal Setting Theories

A

GOALS = desired outcomes established through social learning

Eg: good marks or making good impression

conscious goals regulate much of behaviour

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17
Q

Motivation

Cognitive Perspective

Intrinsic Motivation

A

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION = motivation to perform a behaviour for its own sake rather than for some kind of reward

rewards can stifle intrinsic pleasure in learning

rewards/threats/deadlines tend to compromise sense of autonomy

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18
Q

Motivation

Cognitive Perspective

Self-Determination

A

SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY = 3 innate needs and intrinsic motivation flourishes when needs are fulfilled rather than compromised

degree to which behaviour itself is motivated/determined - useful for culturally appropriate measures

  1. competence
  2. autonomy
  3. relatedness to others
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19
Q

What are expectancies?

(motivation)

A

expectations about things we value and behaviours necessary to produce them

central to cognitive accounts of learning, motivation, personality

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20
Q

Motivation

Humanistic Perspective

A

Maslow - dignity, individual choice, self-worth key in explaining human behaviour

Motivated by: desire of personal growth, reaching for full potential

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21
Q

Motivation

Humanistic Perspective

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

lower levels must be fulfilled first before higher needs guide behaviour

many behaviours reflect multiple needs

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22
Q

Motivation

Humanistic Perspective

ERG Theory (Alderfer)

A
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23
Q

Motivation

What is eating?

A

motivation to eat biologically based

eat in response to signals

consume food = energy, minderal, vitamins

ingenstion = metabolic events

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24
Q

Motivation: Eating

What is metabolism?

A

process of food into energy

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25
Q

Motivation: Eating

What are the phases of the metabolic event?

A
  1. Absorptive Phase - ingested food, short term stores = carbs, glucose to glycogen, liver, long term stores = fats/lipids, skin, abdomen
  2. Fasting Phase - not eating, stores to energy, glycogen to glucose
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26
Q

Motivation: Eating

Physiology of eating

A

homeostasis detects/corrects the system

regulation of food intake - detect internal food need, initiate/organise eating behaviour, monitor quality/quantity of food, sufficient ingestion = satiety

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27
Q

Motivation: Eating

Physiology of eating - homeostasis and other mechnisms involved

A

homeostasis: detect/correct to desired state
set point - optimal level
feedback mechanisms - info about variables being regulated
corrective mechanisms - restore to set point

satiety mechanisms - turns off ingestion behaviour
central (brain) + peripheral (stomach) mechanisms

28
Q

Motivation: Eating

What turns hunger on?

A

dec levels of glucose/lipids - body uses long term stores

signals from liver/brain receptors converge in brainsteam = hunger

29
Q

Motivation: Eating

Role of Hypothalamus

A
  • *lateral hypothalamus** - switching on eating behaviour
  • *ventromedial hypothalamus** - switches off eating

both regions require input from brainstem (blood glucose, taste, smell)

theory based off research on rats, destruction of lateral made rats eat less/destruction of ventromedial led to obesity

30
Q

Motivation: Eating

External cues in eating

A

desire for food - hunger, palatability, taste = mediated by neural pathways/neurotransmitters

  • food palatability - tasty food can motivate eating
  • food variety - exposure to same food dec intake
  • time of day - conditioning, eat at same time
  • presence of others - meal size inc as group inc

regulated by learning/habit

31
Q

Motivation: Eating

Turning hunger off

A

signals (taste/smell) - can be learned/innate

feeling of satiety - stretch receptors in stomach & intestines detect levels of nutrients

regulated by protein leptin

32
Q

Motivation

Obesity

A

obesity = body weight 15% + above idea height/weight

genes play role BUT not main cause - rurality, SES (developed = low SES, developing = high SES)

way we think about food and how we eat are important

restricted VS unrestricted eaters

33
Q

Motivation

Sexual behaviours/motivation

A

sexual motivation more variable

driven by fantasies and hormones (54% men think about sex at least once a day, 19% of women)

sexual revolution - Western society more liberal

non human sex behaviours - androgen, estrogen, pheromones, ritualised

34
Q

Motivation: Sexual behaviours

Role of hormones

A

effects NS and behaviour

ORGANISATIONAL = exert effects on circuitry of brain, prenatal, turns off femal development/androgens turn on male, estrogen lead to cognitive differences

ACTIVATIONAL = brain circuitry in place, acticate brain circuits that produce psychobiological changes (secondary sex characteristics)
puberty - hypothalamus - pituitary glands - hormones - activate testes/ovaries

35
Q

Motivation: Sexual behaviours

Role of hormones myths

A

does not equal sexual receptivity/gratification in humans, frequency/quality of sexual activity

if it DOES fall below normal limit = affect sexual desire

36
Q

Motivation: Sexual behaviours

Sexual arousal

A

excitement/tension

physiological/cognitive reations

response to erotic stimuli

37
Q

Motivation: Sexual behaviours

Sexual response cycle

A
  1. phase of excitement
  2. plateau phase
  3. orgasm
  4. resolution
38
Q

Motivation: Sexual behaviours

Sexual norms/scripts

A

sexual norms - culturally acquired behaviours, considered appropriate

sexual scripts - socially learned programs of sexual responsiveness that include expectations

39
Q

Motivation: Sexual behaviours

Psychological aspects of sexual behaviours

A

problems in sexual responses often have psychological basis:

preoccupation with personal problems, fear of consequences, anxiety about performance, unconscious guilt, negative thoughts

40
Q

Psychosocial motives - Achievement

A

psychosocial needs - personal/interpersonal motives for achievement, power, self esteem, affiliation, intimacy

2 clusters: relatedness, agency (achievement)

41
Q

Psychosocial motives

Need for achievement

A

(to do well, succeed, avoid failure)

motives may be expressed selectively - hierarchically organised depending on motivation weight

high level of need for achievement = choose mod difficult tasks, enjoy the challenge, avoid failure (avoidance), persistent (approach/mastery), enjoy succcess

42
Q

Psychosocial motives

Need for achievement - motives

A
  1. performance approach - motivated to attain goal, concrete outcome
  2. performance avoidance - motivated by fear of not attaining
  3. mastery - motives to inc competence, mastery, skill
43
Q

Psychosocial motives: achievement

Attribution theory

A

high need for achievement - attribute success to ability, failure to forces beyond control

3 dimensions of attribution: internal vs external, stability vs instability, global vs specific

44
Q

Emotion

Defintion: Affect

A

pattern of obersvable behaviours that express an individuals emotion

variable and fluctuating

45
Q

Emotion

Defintion: Mood

A

extended emotional states that do not shift attention/disrupt ongoing activities

46
Q

Emotion

Defintion: Emotion

A

evaluative response to a situation that typically includes:

physiological arousal, subjective experience/cognitive processes, behavioural expression

positive and negative

47
Q

Emotion

Evolutionary Perspective

A

Darwin - emotion serves as adaptive purpose, basic emotional expressions wired into organism through neural circuits (recognised cross-culturally)

communicative function - regulate social behaviour, inc chance of survival
signal readiness fight, flight, attend to others needs (postural, facial, nonverbal)

48
Q

Emotion

Evolutionary Perspective: Tomkins

A

Emotion is a powerful source of motivation - internal communication

emotions + drives operate in tandem to motivate action = universality of emotional responses

children prewired to respond to certain stimuli

49
Q

Emotion

Emotional/facial expressions and culture

A

r/ship between emotion/facial movements is uniform enough between individuals/cultures

6 universal expressions = surprise, happiness, fear, anger, disgust, sadness

suggest: some emotions biologically linked not only to autonomic states but certain facial expressions

50
Q

Emotion

Define: emotional expression

A

overt behavioural signs of emotion

facial expressions, posture, gestures, tone

different expressions = different emotions

51
Q

Emotion

Define: facial expressions

A

indicate a persons emotional state + influence the phsiological/subjective components of the emotion

52
Q

Emotion

Define: display rules

A

patterns of emotions expression that are considered acceptable in a given culture

some cultures worse at recognising certain emotions

53
Q

Neuropsychology of emotion

  1. Hypothalamus
A

converts emotional signals into autonomic (sympathetic/parasympathetic) and endocrine (hormone) responses

electrical stimulation = attack, defence, flight reactions WITH corresponding emotions

54
Q

Neuropsychology of emotion

  1. Limbic system
A

linking sensory stimuli with emotions/feelings

amygdala connecs to hippocampus (memory) - crucial role in associating sensory with feelings + detecting others emotions

= adjust behaviour based on emotional reactions to objects/situations encountered

55
Q

Neuropsychology of emotion

  1. Limbic system

System 1: processing

A

NO cortical involvement

Thalamus sends sensory info directly to amygdala = immediate emotional response

conditioning can occur

QUICK response based on cursory reaction to stimulus (fewer synaptic connections)

56
Q

Neuropsychology of emotion

  1. Limbic system

System 2: processing

A

amygdala connected to higher processing in cortex - thalamus sends info to cortex for thorough examination = cortex sends signals to amygdala

SLOWER reaction, more cognitive appraisal

thalamus - cortex - amygdala

57
Q

Neuropsychology of emotion

  1. Cortex
A

assessment of stimulus: safe/not

interpretation of meanings of peripheral responses

frontal cortex - regulating facial displays
right hemisphere - emotional cues, producing facial displays
left frontal cortex - approach-related emotions
right frontal lobe - avoidance-related emotions

58
Q

Theories of emotion

William James

A

emotion rooted in bodily experience

emotion inducing stimulus elicits visceral/gut reactions + voluntary behaviours (running/gesturing)

59
Q

Theories of emotion

James-Lange Theory

A

emotions originate in peripheral NS responses that the CNS then interprets

60
Q

Theories of emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

stimulus produces simultaneous peripheral + subjective experience = emotion inducing stimuli (emotional experience + bodily response)

stimulus - brain activation/processing - arousal/action/emotional feeling

61
Q

Theories of emotion

Schachter-Singer Theory

A

emotion involves 2 factors: physiological arousal + cognitive interpretation

cognitive judgements/attribution is crucial to emotional experience

62
Q

Emotion

Cognitive Perspectives

Define: attributions

A

process of making inferences about the causes of ones own/others thoughts, feelings, behaviour

63
Q

Emotion

Cognitive Perspectives

Lazarus

A

Lazarus - appraisal occurs WITHOUT conscious thought
peoples emotions reflect judgdments/appraisals of stimuli that confront them

64
Q

Emotion

Cognitive Perspectives

Schacter-Singer

A

Schachter-Singer - cog judgements/attributions critical part of emotional experience (CONSCIOUS)
experience of non-specific arousal = figure out what it means, use situational cues

65
Q

Emotion

Cognitive Perspectives

A

cognitive appraisals often underlie emotions - not only aspect

cognition can influence emotion - emotion/mood infleunce ongoing thought/memory

emotional states infleunce encoding/retrieval of info in LTM

66
Q

Functions of emotion

A

motivation + attention

social functions - positive emotions facilitate social interaction

emotional effects on cog function

emotions on memory: mood-state-dependent memory