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Psychology Test 3 > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

changes in physical + psychologicaly processes

conception - death

change is inevitable

age changes + age differences

(nature vs nurture)

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2
Q

Developmental Psychology

Define maturation

A

biologically based changes

orderly sequence

age-related timetable

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3
Q

Developmental Psychology

Define critical periods

A

periods of special sensitivity to specific types of learning + sensory stimulation

shape capacity of future development

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4
Q

Developmental Psychology

Define sensitive periods

A

times that are more important to subsequent development than others

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5
Q

Developmental Psychology

Define development stages

A

steps through which everyone progresses in the same sequence (discontinuous)

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6
Q

Developmental Psychology

Define continuous development

A

steady/gradual change

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7
Q

Research Methods

cross-sectional studies

A

compare groups of different ages at a single time to see whether differences exist among them

useful for: providing snapshot of differences/variations

limitation: don’t directly assess changes, cohort effect

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8
Q

Research methods

longitudinal studies

A

assess same individual overtime - age changes

useful for: reveal differences among individuals and changes within

limitations: cohort effect

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9
Q

Developmental Psychology

Research methods

sequential studies

A

study multiple cohorts longitudinally

study of group of people at one age + follow them overtime

cross sectional + longituidinal

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10
Q

Developmental Psychology

Normative investigations

A

chronological age = time passing since birth

developmental age = how closely a persons physical/mental development parallels with normal developmental milestones

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11
Q

Congnitive Development

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A

children develop knowledge by: inventing, constructing reality out of own experience (observations + own ideas about the world)

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12
Q

Congnitive Development

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Processes of cognitive adaptation - ASSIMILATION

A

new cognitive elemts are fitted with old elements or modified to fit more easily

(interpreting actions/avents in terms of ones present schemas)

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13
Q

Congnitive Development

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Processes of cognitive adaptation - ACCOMMODATION

A

restructuring cognitive structures so that new info can fit into them more easily

(modification of schemas to fit reality)

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14
Q

Congnitive Development

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Processes of cognitive adaptation - EQUILIBRATION

A

driving force behind cognitive development

balancing assimilation + accommodation to adapt to the world

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15
Q

Congnitive Development

Stages of cognitive development

  1. Sensorimotor stage
A

0-2

think with their hands, mouth, senses to learn about world

object permanence

egocentric

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16
Q

Congnitive Development

Stages of cognitive development

2. Preoperational phase

A

2-7

symbolic thoughts, thought becomes detached from action

limited by egocentrism

centration = focus on 1 feature of an object without consideration of other relevant features

fairly literal

17
Q

Cognitive Development

Stages of cognitive development

3. Concrete operational phase

A

7-11/12

capable of operating on/mentally manipulating internal representations of objects that are reversible

conservation = recognition that basic properties of an object remain stable eben though superficial properties may change

Eg: 500ml of water remains the same even when in other jugs

18
Q

Congnitive Development

Stages of cognitive development

4. Formal operational stage

A

11-adulthood

abstract + hypthetical thinking

19
Q

Congnitive Development

Stages of cognitive development

Criticisms

A

focus on rational thinkning - ignored biased, irrational thinking influenced by emotions/motives

assumption of one stage or the other = development more continuous

underestimated capacity of children

disregard of culture

20
Q

Cognitive Development

Cognitive development as information processing

A

processing speed
automatic processing/automisation
knowledge base
cognitive strategies
metacognition

21
Q

Cognitive Development

Cognitive development in adulthood - intelligence

A

crystalised intelligence = knowledge from prior learning, rooted in experience, inc with age

fluid intelligence = think/reason abstractly, solve problems, peaks at young adulthood, dec with age (speed processing)

widsom = experience, knowledge, good judgement

22
Q

Social Development

A
  • learn beliefs, values, skills, behaviour patterns of their society
  • way in which individuals social interaction changes across lifespan

issues: attachment/adult functioning, socialisation, moral reasoning changes

23
Q

Social Development

Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

A

developing in biological maturation + changing social demands

  1. psychosocial stages = stages in development, social being
  2. development task = challenge that is normative for that period of life
    = successive task provokes crisis - achievement/derailment
24
Q

Social Development

Attachment

A

enduring emotional tie between child and primary caregiver

  • proximity, security, distress when absent, not unilateral, temperament + caregivers response
25
Q

Social Development

Temperament

A

reactivity, self-regulation, sociability - role in social development

long term effects = how well they adjust to life (family, school, wider community)

NEG: risk factor, difficulties in r/ships
POS: protective factor

26
Q

Social Development

Konrad Lorenz - Imprinting

A

tendency of young animals to follow an animal to which they were exposed to during a sensitive period early in their lives

evolutionary adv = fed, protected, skills for survival

27
Q

Social Development

John Bowlby - Theory of Attachment

A
  • attachment behaviour prewired, biologically predisposed
  • ‘emotional refuelling’
  • this attachment forms life long schema for social r/ships
  • attachment as template for expectations about future social interactions
28
Q

Social Development

Measuring attachment/attachment patterns

A

Mary Ainsworth = children vary in responses to separation
Strange situation test

  1. secure attachment style
  2. avoidant attachment style
  3. ambivaltent attachment style
  4. disorganised attachment style
29
Q

Social Development

What affects attachment style?

A

biological - separation = distress, norepinephrine inc in infants

environmental - sensitivity of mother to infant, interaction, nuturance, stimulates, encourages

temperament of infant - easy, difficult, slow to warm

30
Q

Social Development

Early attachment + later development

A

attachment predicitve of: self-control, peer acceptance, classroom performance

different patterns of/satisfaction with interactions

adult attachment patterns predict = want of children, attachment pattern of their children, coping with stressful events

31
Q

Social Development

Role of parents - parenting styles

A
  1. authoritarian - obedience, respect, punishment
  2. permissive - no control, no punishment
  3. authoritative - set standards, give/take, explain views
  4. uninvolved - own needs above children
32
Q

Moral Development

A

3 components: cognition, emotion, behaviour

morality = rules people use to balance conflicting interests of themselves/others

33
Q

Moral Development

Piaget

A

morality of constraints = 1st stage of moral judgement, beliefs of morals being absolute, before 9, focus on consequence

morality of cooperation = moral rules can be changed as long as those involved agree, focus on intention

34
Q

Moral Development

Kohlberg

A

changes in moral reasoning = changes in cognitive structures

  1. preconventional morality - follow moral rules to avoid punishment/obtain reward
  2. conventional morality - define morals by standards of others
  3. postconventional/principled - abstract/self defined principles that may/not match dominant morals

Psychology Test 3 (4 decks)

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