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Psychology Test 3 > Cross-Cultural Psychology > Flashcards

Cross-Cultural Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is culture?

A

Unwritten rules and learned behaviour

  • shared way of life
  • members co-exist/survive
  • artefacts, rituals, food, clothes, housing, social structures
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2
Q

What is the importance of culture?

A

Shapes awareness of the world

FIlter through which we see/understand our current reality

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3
Q

Why is culture difficult to define?

A
  • facets interrelated/closely related
  • relatively stable but also dynamic - evolving
  • NOT homogenous
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4
Q

What is enculturation?

A

process of absorbing and internalising the rules of the culture we live in

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5
Q

What is acculturation?

A

assimilation to different culture - typicallt the dominant one

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6
Q

What is assimilation?

A

abandonment of traditional culture

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7
Q

What is fusion?

A

combing 2 cultures to form a new one

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8
Q

What is alternation?

A

bicultural competence/multiculturalism

maintaining distinct cultural identities within single multicultural structure

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9
Q

What are the 2 different types of cultural psychologists?

A
  1. cultural psychologists - study of the way people are affected by their culture
  2. cross-cultural pscyhologists - compares sims/diffs in behaviour across cultures
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10
Q

Research in cross-culture psychology

Emic perspective

A
  • focus on 1 culture/culture specific
  • thorugh the eyes of the people
  • cultural psychologists
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11
Q

Research in cross-culture psychology

Etic perspective

A
  • commonalities/differences across cultures
  • is the behaviour culture specific or universal?
  • cross-cultural psychologists
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12
Q

Research in cross-culture psychology

Goldberger & Veroff

A

approaches to research - etic

  1. study cultures to determine relationships
  2. compare behaviour
  3. interaction between cultures that co-exist
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13
Q

Research in cross-culture psychology

Ember & Ember

A

research relies on assumption that comparison is possible because identifiable behaviour can be oberserved

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14
Q

Research in cross-culture psychology

Challenges

A
  1. research methods
  2. equivalent samples
  3. interpreting results
  4. research bias
  5. sensitive issues
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15
Q

What is good psychology research?

A

objective measurement

theoretical framework

standardised procedure

generalisability

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16
Q

Research in cross-culture psychology

How is cultural variability measured?

A

individualism - collectivism continuum

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17
Q

Time perspectives

Monochronic cultures

A

time divided into linear segments

closely regulated

= punctual, one task at a time, created plans ahead

USA, Australia, Germany, NZ, Switzerland

18
Q

Time perspectives

Polychronic cultures

A

time more fluid

less regulated

= unpunctual, many tasks at once, fast/loose with time

Spain, India, Indigenous Australians

19
Q

Dimensions of culture

Cultural display rules

A

display rules = appropriateness of displaying certain emotions in social settings

  1. interpersonal space
  2. intimate space
  3. social/consultative space
  4. public space
20
Q

Dimensions of culture

Low context cultures

A

interpret actions/words literally

21
Q

Dimensions of culture

High context cultures

A

attention to nonverbal signs to decode real meanings

22
Q

Dimensions of culture

Tight cultures

A

group members expected to closely adhere to cultural norms and expectations

23
Q

Dimensions of culture

Loose cultures

A

norms either unclear or deviance from them is tolerated

24
Q

What is multiculturalism?

What does this look like in Australia?

A

Dominant culture + minority cultures

1/4 population born oversears, >40% have 1+ parent born overseas

25
Q

What is pluralism?

A

right to retain cultural heritage

26
Q

Brief history of multiculturalism in Australia

A
  • ATSI 60,000+ years, original inhabitants
  • 1788 British invasion
  • 1850 Gold Rush (chinese/indian)
  • WW2 - european migration
  • until 1960 White Aust. Policy
  • 1970s middle Eastern/Asian migration
  • 1990s NZ residents
27
Q

What are Australia’s two migration approaches?

A
  1. skilled migrants/family migrants
  2. humanitarian programs - refugees, asylum seekers
28
Q

Impact of multiculturalism on Australia

A

policy goal by govt (1999 - John Howard)

conflict between different cultures

NOW - one of the most multicultural countries

+ enrichment, social stability

  • stereotyping, ehtnocentrism, prejudice, racism, discrimination
29
Q

What is cultural shock?

A

disorientation + anxiety that occurs as people from one culture encounter/adapt to another

coping with language, unwritten rules, social structures, political structures, legislative processes

30
Q

What are the 4 stages of culture shock?

A
  1. honeymoon phase
  2. disenchantment phase
  3. beginning resolution phase
  4. effective functioning stage
31
Q

Cultural stereotypes

A

positive AND negative

normal - way to process/categorise info (mental categorisation)

some have basis in facts BUT some untrue

neg stereotypes = damage intercultural relationships, distort reality

32
Q

Cultural stereotypes

Negative impacts

A
  • accentuate group different - us vs them, ignore similarities
  • create selective thinking - one see what reinforces stereotype
  • assume homogeneity in other groups - assume everyone in that group is the same
33
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

tendency for own culture to influence how they view the rest of the world

use of values, standards, behaviours as a yardstick

natural + understandable - own culture ‘normal’, bond within group

34
Q

What is prejudice?

A

neg stereotypes about members of other groups (ethnic, race, nationality)

often unable to recognise own ethnocentrism/stereotypical thinking

dec prejudice = legislative action, cooperative tasks

35
Q

What is racism?

A

prejudice + different/unfair treatment of groups

physical/social features (skin, clothing)

‘old fashion’ racism/prejudice VS ‘modern’ racism/prejudice

36
Q

Indigenous Psychology

Objectives

A

develop psych methods/research that is not imposed

psych that is influenced by the context

develop from within the culture

psychology that results in lovalled relevant psych knowledge

37
Q

Indigenous Psychology

European occupation of Australia

A

‘social darwinism’

belief of biological inferiority - entrenched in social/poltical structures

  • 1840s protectionist/segregation policies
  • 1950-70s assimilation
  • 1965 freedom ride
  • 1967 recognised as citizens
38
Q

Indigenous Psychology

Promoting cross-cultural interactions

Education and culture

A

education systems meet needs of environment
Western (formalised), ATSI (learning by observing)

need for inclusive learning environment

understanding difficulties important for education in multicultural settings

39
Q

Indigenous Psychology

Promoting cross-cultural interactions

Communication and culture

A

cultural differences can influence all components of communication process

high context cultures ATSI - nonverbal com. prevalent, com more implict, less formal perception of time

40
Q

What is cultural competence?

A

person’s effectiveness in communicating/behaving appropriately with people from another culture

41
Q

Culturally competent professionals

A

understanding + practical application of this knowledge

ethical responsibility

cultural respect can determine services effectiveness, way the service is presented/conduct themselves

42
Q

Culturally competent professionals

Indigenous Australians

A

culture may impact perception of service, how ATSI commuinication and willingness to access

display certain levels of respect and understanding of aboriginal culture

Psychology Test 3 (4 decks)

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