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Psychiatry > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Sapir/Whorf linguistic hypothesis

A

Semantics of a language can affect how we perceive the world

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2
Q

Another name for Whorfian hypothesis

A

linguistic determinism

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3
Q

What is the low ball tactic in persuasive communication?

A

Reveal disadvantage ONLY when agreement is reached

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4
Q

Explain how sociometry scale works

A

Measure interpersonal attitudes in grid-like fashion (sociograms)

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5
Q

What is common sense psychology?

A

Under stand others behaviors by piecing together information until they arrive at a reasonable explanation

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6
Q

What is the ingratiation effect in persuasive communication

A

Eliciting likeableness in persuasive communication

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7
Q

What type of arguments result in behaviour change (4)?

A

Two-sided
Moderately fear-inducing
Feeling vulnerable
Credibility of perceived message

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8
Q

What is fatuous love?

A

Passion and commitment

No intimacy

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9
Q

What is groupthink?

A

The desire to agree with other members can override rational judgement

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10
Q

What are the bases of social power (5)?

A

Reward - give positive/remove negative consequences
Coercive - punish those who do not conform
Legitimate - that someone has the right
Referent - through association with others who have power
Expert
Information - based on controlling information

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11
Q

Osgood’s semantic differential scale

A

measure verbally expressed attitudes.
Allows different attitudes about a topic to be measured on one scale.
7-point scale

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12
Q

3 Types of Leadership

A

Autocratic
Democratic
Laissez-Faire

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13
Q

Where in the brain is theory of mind thought to be held (3)?

A

Amygdala
Orbitofrontal cortex
Inferior parietal and medial frontal cortex

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14
Q

5 types of attribution bias

A 
Fundamental attribution error/correspondence bias
Actor-observer effect
Self-serving bias
Just world hypothesis
False consensus effect
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15
Q

What is autocratic leadership

A

Decision-making occurs without consultation from others.

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16
Q

5 Theories of prejudice

A 
Adorno's authoritatian personality theory
Scapegoating theory
Relative deprivation theory
Realistic conflict theory
Social identity theory
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17
Q

What does Adorno’s authoritarian personality theory state?

A

Difficult upbringing and disciplinarian childhood may lead to projection of difficulties and generalized prejudice.

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18
Q

What is the correspondence bias?

Also known as Fundamental attribution error

A

Overestimating dispositional factors and not situational factors while attributing cause of other’s behaviour.
Allows sense of predictability about the person.

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19
Q

What is the scapegoating theory of prejudice?

A

Related to frustration-aggression model of Dollard.

In extreme frustration when source is too powerful, we may displace aggression to a soft target/scapegoat.

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20
Q

What is relative deprivation theory in prejudice?

A

Relative deprivation: discrepancy between actual attainment and societal expectations.
Acute change in relative deprivation can cause unrest and scapegoating.

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21
Q

What is the actor-observer effect?

A

When one is involved as an agent in a specific behaviour and attributes external causality to the behaviour.
Others who observe may invoke internal causality.

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22
Q

What is consummate love?

A

Intimacy, passion and commitment all mixed

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23
Q

What are the functions of attitude according to Katz (4)?

A

Knowledge - simplify world
Value expressive - reflect self-concepts (e.g. vegetarianism)
Social adjustment - social acceptance
Ego-defensive - protects character

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24
Q

What is the realistic conflict theory in prejudice

A

Mere suggestion of competition is enough to trigger prejudice.

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25
Q

What is social identity theory in prejudice?

A

Individual’s positive self-image depends on personal and social identities. Thus, each person tries to improve his groups success which leads to prejudice against other groups.

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26
Q

How can we reduce prejudice?

A 
Blue eyes and brown eyes experiment (Elliott)
Contact hypothesis (Allport)
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27
Q

What is the blue eyes and brown eyes experiment?

A

Prejudice exhibited by a person could be lesser if they have experienced prejudice themselves

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28
Q

What is the contact hypothesis?

A

When contact occurs between opposite group members of equal status and goals, this can reduce prejudice.

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29
Q

6 types of aggression

A 
Hostile
Instrumental
Positive
Pathological
Overt
Covert
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30
Q

What is hostile agggression

A

Aimed at hurting others

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31
Q

What is pathological aggression?

A

Violent for the sake of being violent

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32
Q

What are attitudes made of?

A

Belief

Value

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33
Q

What is belief?

A

Based on knowledge of the world and link object to an attribute.
Non-evaluative
Objective

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34
Q

What is value?

A

Relate to importance/desirability of object.

Subjective.

35
Q

What are the three components of attitude

A

Affective - how the person feels about the object
Cognitive - thoughts, knowledge about the object
Behavioral - actual/intended response to object

36
Q

What can we use to measure attitudes?

A 
Thurstone scale
Likert scale
Sociometry
Scalograms (Guttman)
Osgood's semantic differential scale
37
Q

Explain how the Thurstone scale works

A

Hundreds of statements produced
Presented to judges who score statements on 11-oint scale
Set number of statements chosen based on consistent scaling
Subject then chooses which statement he agrees with

38
Q

Explain how Likert scale works

A

Includes graded agree to disagree measures

39
Q

Explain how scalograms work

A

Include cumulative statements where accepting a statement means accepting all below the statement in a step-wise fashion

40
Q

What does actual behaviour depend upon (4)?

A

Perceived consequences
Social desirability
Habitual behaviors
Situational factors

41
Q

What do we use to develop our self-concept?

A

Reaction of others (theory of looking glass self - Cooley)
Comparison with others
Social roles we play
Identification with role models

42
Q

At what age do children show self-recognition?

A

20 months

43
Q

What famous experiment shows self-recognition in children?

A

Touching the dot (touching the dot on ones face rather than in the mirror)

44
Q

At what age does autobiographical memory develop?

A

3.5-4.5 years

45
Q

Who developed the naïve/common sense psychology?

A

Heider (1958)

46
Q

What are the three factors one must take into account when measuring the validity of inference in attribution?

A

Consensus - is it everyone or just the person we are looking at
Distinctiveness - does the person behave this way to other events as well or only this event?
Consistency - does the person behave this way to this event every time

47
Q

What is suggested if consensus is low?

A

Dispositional attribution is made - it is the person specifically

48
Q

What is suggested if consistency is low?

A

Situational attribution is made - there is something in the context rather specifically in the person.

49
Q

Who developed the systematic attributional theory?

A

Weiner

50
Q

What is self-serving bias?

A

Offers self-enhancement and defense for behaviours.

51
Q

What is the just world hypothesis?

A

The idea that everyone gets what they deserves.

52
Q

What type of attribution bias leads to blame-the-victim culture e.g. bad things happen to bad people?

A

Just world hypothesis

53
Q

Who does the first impression effect work best on?

A

Strangers

54
Q

What is the Halo effect?

A

Tendency to perceive others as wholly good or bad based on few observed traits.

55
Q

What is the Barnum/Forer effect?

A

The predisposition to believe that general, vague personality descriptions have specific relevance to individuals.

56
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

Short-term improvement caused by observing worker performance

57
Q

What is the Pygmalion/Rosenthal effect?

A

Form of self-fulfilling prophecy - where students with poor expectations from teachers internalize this label and perform poorly (and vice versa).

58
Q

At what age does theory of mind develop?

A

3.5-4.5 years

59
Q

What are first-order false belief tasks?

A

These tasks relate to the understanding that other people can have their own thoughts about a situation

60
Q

At what age do first-order false belief tasks occur?

A

4 years of age

61
Q

What are second-order false belief tasks?

A

Tasks which relate to the understanding that other people can have their own thoughts about a third person’s state of mind.

62
Q

At what age do children develop second-order false belief tasks?

A

6 years of age.

63
Q

Types of love?

A

Companionate
Passionate
Consummate
Fatuous

64
Q

What is companionate love?

A

Intimacy & commitment

Passion not high

65
Q

What is passionate love?

A

Intimate & passionate

Not much commitment

66
Q

What is semiotics?

A

Study of signs and symbols in relation to their form and context

67
Q

What is the type of aggression displayed when one needs to express negative feelings

A

Hostile

68
Q

What can theories of aggression be divided into

A

Hydraulic/build up models

Non-hydraulic models

69
Q

What theories of aggression come under the hydraulic model?

A

Psychoanalysis
Evolutionary
Territorial imperative

70
Q

Explain the psychoanalysis theory of aggression

A

Human aggression is due to the death instinct, Thanatos.

71
Q

What is the evolutionary theory of aggression?

A

Via natural selection, aggression ensures survival of genes - survival of fittest.

72
Q

What is the territorial imperative theory of aggression? (Lorenz)

A

Aggression is a fixed action pattern elicited by specific sign stimuli.
Animal aggression = territorial imperative
Human = constructive.

73
Q

What theories come under the non-hydraulic model of aggression?

A 
Genetic theory
Social learning theory
Frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard)
Aggressive cue theory (Berkowitz)
Generalized arousal theory
Festinger's deindividuation theory
74
Q

What is vicarious conditioning?

A

Type of observational learning where learning is influenced by seeing/hearing about the consequences of another’s behaviour.

75
Q

What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis state?

A

That frustration always results in aggression. Thus, aggression will not occur if a person is not frustrated.

76
Q

What is the aggressive cue theory (Berkowitz)?

A

Frustration produces a readiness to respond aggressively; cues in the environment will then lead a frustration person to be aggressive.

77
Q

What is the generalized arousal theory?

A

Arousal from one source may energise some other response - transferred excitation.

78
Q

What is Festinger’s deindividuation theory on aggression?

A

People in groups act uncharacteristically more aggressive due to sense of identity and belong and diffusion of responsibility.

79
Q

What is the Genovese effect?

A

Bystander apathy - in a crowd people are less likely to help another.

80
Q

What is pluralistic ignorance?

A

When members of a crowd look to each other for signs of distress but remain calm themselves, leading to misappraisal of situation being safe and therefore no action needed.

81
Q

What is it called when someone does not help another person because they assume someone else would have helped?

A

Dissolution of responsibility

82
Q

What is Ringelmann’s effect?

A

Social loafing - The larger a group, the less the individual performance as one thinks others will do the job.

83
Q

What is felt stigma?

A

The shame felt by the patients secondary to the fear of discovery and subsequent discrimination.

84
Q

Which leadership type leads to higher productivity?

A

Laissez-faire

Psychiatry (10 decks)

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