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Psychiatry > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where is in the insula?

A

Deep in Sylvian fissure

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2
Q

What is the insula?

A

Seat of the primary gustatory cortex

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3
Q

What is in the middle frontal gyrus?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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4
Q

Where is the cingulate sulcus?

A

Medial side of frontal lobe

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5
Q

Where is the seat of motivation?

A

Anterior position of adjoining cingulate gyrus

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6
Q

What does the orbitofrontal cortex do

A

associative learning decision-making

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7
Q

What is the inferior parietal lobe made of

A

Angular gyrus

Supramarginal gyrus

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8
Q

What is the inferior parietal lobe important for?

A

Visuospatial attention

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9
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

Calcarine sulcus in medial occipital cortex

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10
Q

Where is prosody located?

A

Right hemisphere

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11
Q

How many right-handed people have a dominant right hemisphere?

A

10%

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12
Q

How many left-handed people have a right dominant hemisphere?

A

20%

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13
Q

How many left handed people have left dominant hemisphere?

A

64%

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14
Q

How many left handed people have bilateral dominance

A

16%

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15
Q

Signs in left hemisphere lesions

A 
Aphasia
Right-left disorientation
Finger agnosia
Dysgraphia (aphasic)
Dyscalculia (number alexia)
Limb apraxia
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16
Q

Signs in right hemisphere lesions

A 
Visuospatial deficits
Anosognosia
Neglect
Dysgraphia (spatial, neglect)
Dyscalculia (spatial)
Constructional apraxia
Dressing apraxia
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17
Q

Which hemisphere lesion leads to face recognition?

A

Bilateral

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18
Q

Functions of limbic system?

A

Mediation of emotional responses via amygdala
Influencing neuroendocrine responses via hypothalamus
Reward system regulation via nucleus accumbens

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19
Q

Function of amygdala?

A

Fear conditioning

Emotional regulation

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20
Q

What are the medial temporal structures?

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Entorhinal and Para hippocampal cortex

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21
Q

What structures are functionally related to basal ganglia but not part of structure?

A

Substantia nigra

Subthalamic nuclei

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22
Q

What are the important circuits in the basal ganglia?

A 
Motor
Oculomotor
Dorsolateral prefrontal (executive)
Anterior cingulate (motivation)
Lateral orbitofrontal (social intelligence)
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23
Q

What basal ganglia dysfunction causes OCD?

A

Volumetric changes + higher blood flow to caudate nuclei.

Increased caudate metabolism reduces after effective treatment.

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24
Q

What basal ganglia dysfunction is linked with bradykinesia in Parkinsonism?

A

Striatal over activity

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25
Q

What basal ganglia dysfunction is linked to Fahr’s disease?

A

Progressive calcium deposition in basal ganglia.

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26
Q

Function of anterior thalamus

A

Receives mamillothalami tract and fornix

Connects to cingulate cortex

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27
Q

What in the thalamus is associated with visual attention?

A

Pulvinar

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28
Q

What is the ventromedial hypothalamus?

A

Satiety center

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29
Q

Where is the feeding center?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

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30
Q

What does the inferior olivary nucleus do?

A

Aids in motor coordination by projecting climbing fibers to contralateral cerebellar cortex via inferior cerebellar peduncle

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31
Q

Signs in inferior olivary nucleus lesions

A

Appendicular ataxia due to motor incoordination of contralateral arm and leg
Fail finger-nose test

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32
Q

Function of cerebellum in schizophrenia

A

Disrupted cortico-cerebellar circuity can lead to cognitive dysmetria - difficulty in coordinating and monitoring process of receiving, processing and expressing information

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33
Q

What is the midbrain made up of?

A

Superior and inferior colliculi
Substantia nigra
Periaqueductal grey matter

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34
Q

What do the superior and inferior colliculi do?

A

Superior - conjugate gaze control

Inferior - auditory source localization

35
Q

Anatomy of oculomotor nerve.

A

Motor function.

Supplies 4/6 of ocular muscles

36
Q

Anatomy of trigeminal nerve

A

Sensory + motor.
Transmits facial sensation
Controls jaw muscles

37
Q

Anatomy of facial nerve.

A

Sensory + motor.
Transmits taste sensation
Controls facial muscles.

38
Q

Anatomy of glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Motor control of pharynx
Parasympathetic control of parotid gland
Taste from back of tongue

39
Q

Anatomy of hypoglossal

A

Motor control of tongue muscles

40
Q

What information does the spinothalamic tract carry?

A

Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temperature

41
Q

How does CSF go from 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space

A

Foramen of Magendie (single) and

Foramina of Luschka (two lateral)

42
Q

Where does obstruction to CSF commonly occur?

A

3rd or 4th ventricle (Foramen of Monroe)

43
Q

What happens in communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Impairment of CSF reabsorption in subarachnoid space due to partial occlusion of arachnoid villi

44
Q

What does the internal carotid artery divide into?

A

Anterior cerebral and middle cerebral artery

45
Q

What does anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial and superior strip of lateral aspect of cerebral cortex up to parietal/occipital border

46
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Lateral aspect of cerebral cortex, including Broca’s and Wernicke’s in dominant hemispheres

47
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply

A

Inferomedial temporal lobe

Occipital lobe

48
Q

What supplies the medulla?

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

Anterior spinal branches of vertebral arteries

49
Q

What supplies the pons?

A

Basilar artery

50
Q

Signs of carotid system TIA

A 
Amaurosis fugax
Aphasia
Hemiparesis
Hemisensory loss
Hemianopic visual loss
51
Q

Signs of vertebrobasilar TIA

A 
Diplopia, vertigo, vomiting
Choking, dysarthria
Ataxia
Ataxia without agraphia
Hemisensory loss
Hemianopic visual loss
Transient global amnesia
Tetraparesis
LOC

–

52
Q

Bilateral infarct of anterior cerebral artery results in which signs

A 
Quadriparesis (legs weaker than arms)
Akinetic mutism (ventromedial or cingulate syndrome)
53
Q

What supplies the caudate nucleus?

A

Recurrent artery of Huebner (branch of anterior cerebral artery)

54
Q

Lesion effect of caudate nucleus

A

Initially agitated, confused

Evolves to akinesia, abulia with mutism and personality changes

55
Q

What supplies the basal forebrain?

A

Anterior communicating artery

56
Q

Signs of lesion in basal forebrain

A

Akinesia
Personality change - orbitofrontal dysfunction
Confabulatory amnesia

57
Q

What supplies the lateral medulla?

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

58
Q

Lesion effect of lateral medulla or of thrombus in PICA?

A

Wallenberg’s lateral medullary syndrome.
Acute vertigo with cerebellar signs.
Ipsilateral face numbness, diplopia, nystagmus
Horner’s syndrome
IX/X nerve palsy with contralateral spinothalamic sensory loss and mild hemiparesis

59
Q

Types of white matter pathways

A

Projection fibers
Association fibers
Commissural fibers

60
Q

What are projection fibers?

A

Run vertically, connecting higher and lower centers of the brain

61
Q

What are association fibers?

A

Interconnect different regions within same hemisphere of brain

62
Q

What are commissural fibers?

A

Interconnect similar regions in opposite hemisphere.

63
Q

What does the anterior commissure do?

A

Interconnects olfactory bulbs

64
Q

What does the posterior commissure do?

A

Interconnects midbrain pretectal nuclei

65
Q

What supplies anterior aspect and most of the body of the corpus callosum?

A

Pericallosal artery (from anterior cerebral artery)

66
Q

Signs of vascular disruption to pericallosal artery?

A

Left sided apraxia and agnosia

67
Q

Signs of vascular disruption to splenium?

A

Alexia and color anomia

Preserved ability to copy words

68
Q

What does damage to Arcuate fasciculus result in?

A

Conduction aphasia

69
Q

What is the uncinate fasciculus?

A

Connects orbitofrontal cortex to anterior temporal lobs.

70
Q

Function of unicate fasciculus

A

Social cognition

Language

71
Q

What makes up cortical neurons?

A

75% is pyramidal neurons

25% are stellate cells - not in layer 1

72
Q

Which layer gives rise to association/commissural and projection fibres?

A

Layer 6

73
Q

What are Purkinje cells?

A

Class of GABAergic neurons in cerebellar cortex only.

Connect to deep cerebellar nuclei via inhibitory projections.

74
Q

Function of purkinje cells?

A

For sole output of all motor coordination in cerebellum.

75
Q

Examples of circum-ventricular organs

A

Subfornical organ
Area postrema (chemoreceptor trigger zone)
Median eminence
Posterior pituitary

76
Q

Function of brainstem cholinergic pathway?

A

Maintains wakefulness and REM sleep.

77
Q

Origination of brainstem cholinergic pathway?

A

Originates from pedunculopontine and laterdorsal tegmental nuclei.

78
Q

What does brainstem cholinergic pathway innervate?

A

Thalamic relay neurons

Reticular nuclei

79
Q

Where do noradrenergic pathways originate and ascend to?

A

Originate in loculs coeruleus (pons)
Ascend to cortex via medial forebrain bundle
Descend to spinal cord

80
Q

Name two major cortical interneuron subtypes

A

Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (40%)

Somatostatin-expressing interneurons (30%) - Martinotti cells

81
Q

What can reduction in expression of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons lead to?

A

Schizophrenia

82
Q

Subtypes of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons?

A

Basket cells

Chandelier cells

83
Q

What are basket cells?

A

Receive direct input from thalamocortical projections.

Form synapses with soma or dendrites of pyramidal neurons

Psychiatry (10 decks)

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