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Psychiatry > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Social development at 4-6 weeks?

A

Social smile at 6 weeks
Recognize mums face
Shows preference for human faces

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2
Q

When goes grasp reflex disappear?

A

3 months

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3
Q

When can a baby localize a sound source?

A

3 months

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4
Q

Which language task occurs at 6 months?

A

Double syllable sounds

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5
Q

When does stranger anxiety occur?

A

9-10 months

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6
Q

When can peek-a-boo be played?

A

9-10 months

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7
Q

When can a baby crawl?

A

9-10 months

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8
Q

When can a baby say 1-2 words?

A

1 year

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9
Q

When does separation anxiety occur?

A

1 year

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10
Q

When can a child walk alone?

A

18 months

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11
Q

When can a child use a spoon?

A

18 months

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12
Q

When can a child build a tower of 3-4 cubes?

A

18 months

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13
Q

When can a child make sentences?

A

2 years

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14
Q

When does a child show parallel play?

A

2 years

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15
Q

When is a child dry by day?

A

2 years

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16
Q

When does a child have imaginary companions?

A

3 years

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17
Q

When can a child copy a circle?

A

3 years

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18
Q

When can a child draw a man?

A

3 years

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19
Q

When can a child build a tower of 9 cubes?

A

3 years

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20
Q

When can a child copy a triangle?

A

5 years

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21
Q

When is a child fluent with grammar?

A

5 years

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22
Q

When can a child copy a diamond?

A

6 years

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23
Q

When can a child roll over?

A

6 months

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24
Q

Social development at 9 months?

A

Stranger anxiety followed by object permanence

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25
Q

Language development at 1 year?

A

One or two words

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26
Q

Key concepts of Piaget’s Organismic stage theory

A

Development occurs in stages with transition occurring due to interaction between child and environment.

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27
Q

Key concepts of Psychosocial stage theory?

A

Psychosocial developmental stages are characterized by conflicts but resolution is not mandatory for further development.

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28
Q

Key concepts of Vygotsky’s collaborative learning theory?

A

Development is not private - child acts as an apprentice in social surroundings. Parents/teachers carry out scaffolding to introduce familiarity for child to develop own expertise.

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29
Q

What is zone of proximal development in collaborative learning theory?

A

Functions not yet fully achieved but in process of pipeline whose development is aided by scaffolding.

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30
Q

Key concepts of Maturational growth theory (Gesell)?

A

Maturation of nervous system as principal driver of various aspects of human behavior.

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31
Q

What develops at oral stage?

A

Ego

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32
Q

What occurs in anal fixation?

A

OCD like pattern, ambivalence and sadomasochistic tendencies.

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33
Q

What is fear of retaliation in both boys and girls?

A

Boys - castration anxiety

Girls - loss of mothers love

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34
Q

What is the positive stress response in children?

A

Brief, mild response
Moderated by availability of carer
Growth-opportunity

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35
Q

What is tolerable stress response in children?

A

Exposure to non-normative experience e.g. death in family.

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36
Q

What is toxic stress response in children?

A

Strong, frequent or prolonged activation of body’s stress response in absence of protection from adults.
Disrupts brain circuitry

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37
Q

When does attachment behavior peak?

A

12-18 months

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38
Q

Phases of attachment according to Bowlby

A

Pre-attaching
Indiscriminate attachment
Clearcut attachment
>25 months - mother is independent

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39
Q

When does preattachment phase occur?

A

Birth to 8-12 weeks

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40
Q

When does indiscriminate attachment occur?

A

8-12 weeks to 6 months

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41
Q

When does clear-cut attachment occur?

A

6-24 months

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42
Q

Describe Type A attachment

A 
Anxious avoidant.
15%
Indifferent attitude to mother leaving/entering.
Distressed when alone.
Stranger can comfort child.
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43
Q

Describe Type B attachment

A

70%
Distressed when mother leaves.
Comforted by mother, not by stranger.

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44
Q

Describe Type C attachment

A

Anxious resistant.
15%
High level of distress, especially when mother leaves. Not comforted by mother and resistant to stranger.

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45
Q

What are the four patterns noted from the Adult attachment interview?

A

Secure autonomous
Dismissing of experiences
Entangled
Unresolved disorganized

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46
Q

What are Mahler’s stages?

A

Normal Autism (0-2 months)
Symbiosis (2-5 months)
Separation - individuation

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47
Q

What are the sub-phases of separation-individuation phase?

A

Differentiation (5-10m)
Practicing (10-18m)
Rapprochement (18-24m)
Object constancy (2-5 years)

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48
Q

What happens during differentiation?

A

What happens during differentiation?

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49
Q

What happens during practicing phase?

A

Increase in interest on environment

50
Q

What happens during Rapprochement phase?

A

Alternating drives to be dependent and autonomous.

51
Q

What happens during object constancy phase?

A

Understand mother will not be lost if away.

52
Q

Who distinguished deprivation from privation?

A

Rutter

53
Q

Describe deprivation

A

Attachment formed but lost temporarily.
If for short time then detachment phases seen
If prolonged - separation anxiety.

54
Q

What is privation?

A

Non-formation of attachment.

Affectionless psychopathy.

55
Q

What is Kleinian theory?

A

Maintained that oedipal development occurred earlier than Freud stated
Infant possessed instinctual knowledge of body
Weaning symbolically equivalent to castration

56
Q

What are Kleinian defenses?

A 
Splitting
Introjection
Projective identification
Denial
Omnipotence
Grandiosity
57
Q

What was the major technique employed via Kleinian theory?

A

Play interpretation

58
Q

What were Winnicott’s concepts?

A

Childrens psychological development occurs in transitional zone - between reality and fantasy.
Transitional object = toy that helps with transition. Buffer against loss.
Good enough mother = mother need not be perfect but provide growth sustaining environment

59
Q

What is theory of multiple self-organization re Winnicott’s concept?

A

Parental control can lead to development of a false self-different from real self

60
Q

Who described the four types of parenting?

A

Maccoby and Martin

61
Q

Common type of parenting in first-borns

A

More parental time
Higher IQ
More authoritarian + conformist

62
Q

Common type of parenting in middle-born

A

Least attention

Strong peer relationships

63
Q

Common type of parenting in last-born

A

Most attention
Independent
Rebellious

64
Q

What was the landmark study that formed childhood predictors of delinquency?

A

Cambridge study of Delinquent development by Farrington et al.

65
Q

Behaviors shown after parental loss in 3-6 year old’s

A

Assume responsibility for separation

66
Q

Behaviors shown in 7-12 year old’s after parental separation

A

Decline in school performance

67
Q

Behaviors shown in adolescence after parental separation

A

Angry
Critical of parents
Spend time away from home

68
Q

What is ex-institutional syndrome?

A

Behaviour shown in those adopted:
relate better to adults than to peers
Less likely to have a special friend
Less likely to be selective in choosing friends
Turned to peers less often for emotional support

69
Q

What is the key study on childhood temperament?

A

New York Longitudinal study by Thomas and Chess - 30 year study of 138 children

70
Q

What behavioral styles were found from the New York Longitudinal study?

A

Easy - adapts well, active (40%)
Difficult - uncomfortable with new experiences, react intensely to stimuli (10%)
Slow to warm up - poor adaptation to change, responds at low intensity (15%)
Ungrouped - 35%

71
Q

What is neophobia?

A

Form of inhibition in which child appears frozen and withdrawn in novel situations

72
Q

What is Goodness of fit?

A

Reciprocal relationship between baby’s temperament and its social environment, resulting in positive development.

73
Q

What is the EAS model?

A

Emotionality
Activity
Sociability
Temperament as inherited traits exhibited early in life.

74
Q

Stages of Erikson’s model of development

A 
Basic trust vs basic mistrust - birth to 18 months
Autonomy vs shame - 18 months to 3 years
Initiative vs guilt - 3 to 6 years
Industry vs inferiority - 6 to 12 years
Identity vs role confusion - adolescence
Intimacy vs isolation - young adult
Generativity vs stagnation - middle adult
Ego integrity vs despair - late adult
75
Q

What is schema as per Piaget?

A

Basic building block/unit of intelligent behavior.

Schema consist of organized past experiences to understand future experiences.

76
Q

How can schemas adapt?

A

Assimilation - new information is incorporated into existing schema.
Accommodation - schema is restructured to accommodate new information.

77
Q

Stages of PIaget’s model of development

A

Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

78
Q

In whom is language slower to develop?

A 
Boys
Twins
Large families
Social classes 4-5
Those that lack speech stimulation (deaf, neglected children)
79
Q

What happens in pre-linguistic state?

A

Crying.

1m: distinguish speech sounds
6w: cooing
6m: babbling

80
Q

What is social interaction view of language?

A

Adults act as language acquisition support system.

81
Q

What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral development based on?

A

Reasons for making a judgement in a hypothetical experiment (Heinz Dilemma) studied in children.

82
Q

Levels of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

A

Pre-conventional (7-12 years to middle childhood)
Conventional (13-16)
Postconventional (16-20)

83
Q

What happens in Kohlberg’s pre-conventional morality stage?

A

Children decide right or wrong based on consequences.
Orientated to obedience - obide by rules to avoid punishment
Reward orientated.

84
Q

What happens during conventional morality stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

Children believe social rules and expectation on others determine behaviour.
Concordance orientation - what the majority thinks is right. Conforms to avoid disapproval.
Authority orientation - upholds rules to avoid feelings of guilt and authorities.

85
Q

What happens in postconventional morality stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

What is right is based on individual’s understanding of universal ethical principles.
Legalistic orientation - actions guided by principles agreed in group or essential to public welfare.
Universal ethics - actions guided by self-chosen ethics.

86
Q

At what age do children show awareness of their body

A

3-6 years

87
Q

What is the Band Aid phase?

A

3-6 years - when children are aware of their body and show preoccupation with illness or injury.

88
Q

When does gender identity develop?

A

3-4 years of age

89
Q

What does Gender Schema Processing theory state?

A

Gender identity provides children the motivation to assume sex-typed behavior.

90
Q

What is adolescent turmoil?

A

Described by Erikson as temporary maladaptive state due to identity diffusion.

91
Q

What is Marcia’s theory on adolescence?

A

Mature self-identity is possible only if an individual experiences several crises, finally arriving at a stage of commitment.

92
Q

What are the four degrees of commitment as per Marcia’s theory?

A

Identity achievement
Moratorium
Foreclosure
Role confusion

93
Q

What is foreclosure according to Marcia?

A

Avoids anxiety by prematurely commiting to safe and conventional parental and societal goals.
High degree of commitment.
Low degree of crises.

94
Q

What is Moratorium as per Marcia?

A

Experiences height of crises but postpones decisions until alternative identities tried.
Low degree of commitment.
High degree of crises.

95
Q

What is role confusion re Marcia?

A

Unresolved state of adolescence.
Low degree of commitment.
Low degree of crises

96
Q

Precocious puberty age?

A

Boys - <9

Girls - <8

97
Q

What is equity theory?

A

That individuals consider cost-benefit ratio for each person in relationship.

98
Q

What is reinforcement theory?

A

Individuals choose partners on basis of reinforcement of attraction with rewards.

99
Q

Who coined the term Midlife Crisis?

A

Elliot Jacques

100
Q

Who did classic work on grief?

A

Erich Lindemann - studied 101 bereaved people

101
Q

Patterns of Grief as per Lindemann

A

After unexpected death there is shock (10-14 days)
sadness
Anger - protest
Grief resolved after a year

102
Q

Stages of Bereavement as per Parkes

A 
Alarm
Numbness
Pining for deceased
Depression
Reorganization
103
Q

What cognitive function is most susceptible to decline with age?

A

Working memory
Incidental memory
Attention

104
Q

Theories of role change in old age

A

Social disengagement
Social reengagement
Social exchange
Socio-emotional selectivity

105
Q

What does social disengagement theory say about age?

A

Mutual withdrawal of social and individual, increased individuality and shrinking life space are inevitable moves towards death.

106
Q

What does social reengagement theory say re age?

A

Ageist society reduces social interaction that older adults can have - withdrawal is forced

107
Q

What does socio-emotional selectivity theory say re age?

A

Wise investment of social energy in old age is to limit social interaction to those familiar.

108
Q

What was Waddington’s concept of canalization?

A

Certain behaviour traits are strongly genetically determined (canalized) so development follows these behaviors.
Others are poorly canalized so environmental factors influence these traits.

109
Q

When is a neural tube seen?

A

2-3 weeks

110
Q

When does neuronal migration occur?

A

Week 12-20

111
Q

When is neuronal count in human brain at its peak?

A

28th week in vitro - 40% greater than in adult

112
Q

When does myelination occur?

A

Last trimester:
myelination of visual cortical white matter
9m postnatal:
myelination of frontal cortex (posterior to anterior maturation starting with sensory then motor pathway, finally higher-order association areas).`

113
Q

How does cortical thickness progress with age?

A

Decreases with age in back-to-front progression:
starts at sensorimotor areas, progresses to dorsal parietal,
superior temporal
Dorsolateral pre-frontal cortices.

114
Q

What is Magnetic resonance spectroscopic?

A

Measures n-acetyl-aspartate - an indicator of neuronal integrity

115
Q

What do magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies show?

A

Low levels at birth, rapid increase during first 2 years of life - may represent synaptogenesis during childhood

116
Q

At what month does a child develop colour vision?

A

4 months

117
Q

At what age can children read time to the hour?

A

4-5 years

118
Q

At what age can children read time to the half hour?

A

5-6 years

119
Q

What task demonstrates ego-centrism in children

A

Mountain task

120
Q

At what age does co-operative play occur?

A

3 years

121
Q

At what age does rule-governed play occur?

A

5 years

122
Q

When does theory of mind occur?

A

18 months

Psychiatry (10 decks)

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