Human Development Flashcards
Social development at 4-6 weeks?
Social smile at 6 weeks
Recognize mums face
Shows preference for human faces
When goes grasp reflex disappear?
3 months
When can a baby localize a sound source?
3 months
Which language task occurs at 6 months?
Double syllable sounds
When does stranger anxiety occur?
9-10 months
When can peek-a-boo be played?
9-10 months
When can a baby crawl?
9-10 months
When can a baby say 1-2 words?
1 year
When does separation anxiety occur?
1 year
When can a child walk alone?
18 months
When can a child use a spoon?
18 months
When can a child build a tower of 3-4 cubes?
18 months
When can a child make sentences?
2 years
When does a child show parallel play?
2 years
When is a child dry by day?
2 years
When does a child have imaginary companions?
3 years
When can a child copy a circle?
3 years
When can a child draw a man?
3 years
When can a child build a tower of 9 cubes?
3 years
When can a child copy a triangle?
5 years
When is a child fluent with grammar?
5 years
When can a child copy a diamond?
6 years
When can a child roll over?
6 months
Social development at 9 months?
Stranger anxiety followed by object permanence
Language development at 1 year?
One or two words
Key concepts of Piaget’s Organismic stage theory
Development occurs in stages with transition occurring due to interaction between child and environment.
Key concepts of Psychosocial stage theory?
Psychosocial developmental stages are characterized by conflicts but resolution is not mandatory for further development.
Key concepts of Vygotsky’s collaborative learning theory?
Development is not private - child acts as an apprentice in social surroundings. Parents/teachers carry out scaffolding to introduce familiarity for child to develop own expertise.
What is zone of proximal development in collaborative learning theory?
Functions not yet fully achieved but in process of pipeline whose development is aided by scaffolding.
Key concepts of Maturational growth theory (Gesell)?
Maturation of nervous system as principal driver of various aspects of human behavior.
What develops at oral stage?
Ego
What occurs in anal fixation?
OCD like pattern, ambivalence and sadomasochistic tendencies.
What is fear of retaliation in both boys and girls?
Boys - castration anxiety
Girls - loss of mothers love
What is the positive stress response in children?
Brief, mild response
Moderated by availability of carer
Growth-opportunity
What is tolerable stress response in children?
Exposure to non-normative experience e.g. death in family.
What is toxic stress response in children?
Strong, frequent or prolonged activation of body’s stress response in absence of protection from adults.
Disrupts brain circuitry
When does attachment behavior peak?
12-18 months
Phases of attachment according to Bowlby
Pre-attaching
Indiscriminate attachment
Clearcut attachment
>25 months - mother is independent
When does preattachment phase occur?
Birth to 8-12 weeks
When does indiscriminate attachment occur?
8-12 weeks to 6 months
When does clear-cut attachment occur?
6-24 months
Describe Type A attachment
Anxious avoidant. 15% Indifferent attitude to mother leaving/entering. Distressed when alone. Stranger can comfort child.
Describe Type B attachment
70%
Distressed when mother leaves.
Comforted by mother, not by stranger.
Describe Type C attachment
Anxious resistant.
15%
High level of distress, especially when mother leaves. Not comforted by mother and resistant to stranger.
What are the four patterns noted from the Adult attachment interview?
Secure autonomous
Dismissing of experiences
Entangled
Unresolved disorganized
What are Mahler’s stages?
Normal Autism (0-2 months)
Symbiosis (2-5 months)
Separation - individuation
What are the sub-phases of separation-individuation phase?
Differentiation (5-10m)
Practicing (10-18m)
Rapprochement (18-24m)
Object constancy (2-5 years)
What happens during differentiation?
What happens during differentiation?
What happens during practicing phase?
Increase in interest on environment
What happens during Rapprochement phase?
Alternating drives to be dependent and autonomous.
What happens during object constancy phase?
Understand mother will not be lost if away.
Who distinguished deprivation from privation?
Rutter
Describe deprivation
Attachment formed but lost temporarily.
If for short time then detachment phases seen
If prolonged - separation anxiety.
What is privation?
Non-formation of attachment.
Affectionless psychopathy.
What is Kleinian theory?
Maintained that oedipal development occurred earlier than Freud stated
Infant possessed instinctual knowledge of body
Weaning symbolically equivalent to castration
What are Kleinian defenses?
Splitting Introjection Projective identification Denial Omnipotence Grandiosity
What was the major technique employed via Kleinian theory?
Play interpretation
What were Winnicott’s concepts?
Childrens psychological development occurs in transitional zone - between reality and fantasy.
Transitional object = toy that helps with transition. Buffer against loss.
Good enough mother = mother need not be perfect but provide growth sustaining environment
What is theory of multiple self-organization re Winnicott’s concept?
Parental control can lead to development of a false self-different from real self
Who described the four types of parenting?
Maccoby and Martin
Common type of parenting in first-borns
More parental time
Higher IQ
More authoritarian + conformist
Common type of parenting in middle-born
Least attention
Strong peer relationships
Common type of parenting in last-born
Most attention
Independent
Rebellious
What was the landmark study that formed childhood predictors of delinquency?
Cambridge study of Delinquent development by Farrington et al.
Behaviors shown after parental loss in 3-6 year old’s
Assume responsibility for separation
Behaviors shown in 7-12 year old’s after parental separation
Decline in school performance
Behaviors shown in adolescence after parental separation
Angry
Critical of parents
Spend time away from home
What is ex-institutional syndrome?
Behaviour shown in those adopted:
relate better to adults than to peers
Less likely to have a special friend
Less likely to be selective in choosing friends
Turned to peers less often for emotional support
What is the key study on childhood temperament?
New York Longitudinal study by Thomas and Chess - 30 year study of 138 children
What behavioral styles were found from the New York Longitudinal study?
Easy - adapts well, active (40%)
Difficult - uncomfortable with new experiences, react intensely to stimuli (10%)
Slow to warm up - poor adaptation to change, responds at low intensity (15%)
Ungrouped - 35%
What is neophobia?
Form of inhibition in which child appears frozen and withdrawn in novel situations
What is Goodness of fit?
Reciprocal relationship between baby’s temperament and its social environment, resulting in positive development.
What is the EAS model?
Emotionality
Activity
Sociability
Temperament as inherited traits exhibited early in life.
Stages of Erikson’s model of development
Basic trust vs basic mistrust - birth to 18 months Autonomy vs shame - 18 months to 3 years Initiative vs guilt - 3 to 6 years Industry vs inferiority - 6 to 12 years Identity vs role confusion - adolescence Intimacy vs isolation - young adult Generativity vs stagnation - middle adult Ego integrity vs despair - late adult
What is schema as per Piaget?
Basic building block/unit of intelligent behavior.
Schema consist of organized past experiences to understand future experiences.
How can schemas adapt?
Assimilation - new information is incorporated into existing schema.
Accommodation - schema is restructured to accommodate new information.
Stages of PIaget’s model of development
Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
In whom is language slower to develop?
Boys Twins Large families Social classes 4-5 Those that lack speech stimulation (deaf, neglected children)
What happens in pre-linguistic state?
Crying.
1m: distinguish speech sounds
6w: cooing
6m: babbling
What is social interaction view of language?
Adults act as language acquisition support system.
What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral development based on?
Reasons for making a judgement in a hypothetical experiment (Heinz Dilemma) studied in children.
Levels of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
Pre-conventional (7-12 years to middle childhood)
Conventional (13-16)
Postconventional (16-20)
What happens in Kohlberg’s pre-conventional morality stage?
Children decide right or wrong based on consequences.
Orientated to obedience - obide by rules to avoid punishment
Reward orientated.
What happens during conventional morality stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Children believe social rules and expectation on others determine behaviour.
Concordance orientation - what the majority thinks is right. Conforms to avoid disapproval.
Authority orientation - upholds rules to avoid feelings of guilt and authorities.
What happens in postconventional morality stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
What is right is based on individual’s understanding of universal ethical principles.
Legalistic orientation - actions guided by principles agreed in group or essential to public welfare.
Universal ethics - actions guided by self-chosen ethics.
At what age do children show awareness of their body
3-6 years
What is the Band Aid phase?
3-6 years - when children are aware of their body and show preoccupation with illness or injury.
When does gender identity develop?
3-4 years of age
What does Gender Schema Processing theory state?
Gender identity provides children the motivation to assume sex-typed behavior.
What is adolescent turmoil?
Described by Erikson as temporary maladaptive state due to identity diffusion.
What is Marcia’s theory on adolescence?
Mature self-identity is possible only if an individual experiences several crises, finally arriving at a stage of commitment.
What are the four degrees of commitment as per Marcia’s theory?
Identity achievement
Moratorium
Foreclosure
Role confusion
What is foreclosure according to Marcia?
Avoids anxiety by prematurely commiting to safe and conventional parental and societal goals.
High degree of commitment.
Low degree of crises.
What is Moratorium as per Marcia?
Experiences height of crises but postpones decisions until alternative identities tried.
Low degree of commitment.
High degree of crises.
What is role confusion re Marcia?
Unresolved state of adolescence.
Low degree of commitment.
Low degree of crises
Precocious puberty age?
Boys - <9
Girls - <8
What is equity theory?
That individuals consider cost-benefit ratio for each person in relationship.
What is reinforcement theory?
Individuals choose partners on basis of reinforcement of attraction with rewards.
Who coined the term Midlife Crisis?
Elliot Jacques
Who did classic work on grief?
Erich Lindemann - studied 101 bereaved people
Patterns of Grief as per Lindemann
After unexpected death there is shock (10-14 days)
sadness
Anger - protest
Grief resolved after a year
Stages of Bereavement as per Parkes
Alarm Numbness Pining for deceased Depression Reorganization
What cognitive function is most susceptible to decline with age?
Working memory
Incidental memory
Attention
Theories of role change in old age
Social disengagement
Social reengagement
Social exchange
Socio-emotional selectivity
What does social disengagement theory say about age?
Mutual withdrawal of social and individual, increased individuality and shrinking life space are inevitable moves towards death.
What does social reengagement theory say re age?
Ageist society reduces social interaction that older adults can have - withdrawal is forced
What does socio-emotional selectivity theory say re age?
Wise investment of social energy in old age is to limit social interaction to those familiar.
What was Waddington’s concept of canalization?
Certain behaviour traits are strongly genetically determined (canalized) so development follows these behaviors.
Others are poorly canalized so environmental factors influence these traits.
When is a neural tube seen?
2-3 weeks
When does neuronal migration occur?
Week 12-20
When is neuronal count in human brain at its peak?
28th week in vitro - 40% greater than in adult
When does myelination occur?
Last trimester:
myelination of visual cortical white matter
9m postnatal:
myelination of frontal cortex (posterior to anterior maturation starting with sensory then motor pathway, finally higher-order association areas).`
How does cortical thickness progress with age?
Decreases with age in back-to-front progression:
starts at sensorimotor areas, progresses to dorsal parietal,
superior temporal
Dorsolateral pre-frontal cortices.
What is Magnetic resonance spectroscopic?
Measures n-acetyl-aspartate - an indicator of neuronal integrity
What do magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies show?
Low levels at birth, rapid increase during first 2 years of life - may represent synaptogenesis during childhood
At what month does a child develop colour vision?
4 months
At what age can children read time to the hour?
4-5 years
At what age can children read time to the half hour?
5-6 years
What task demonstrates ego-centrism in children
Mountain task
At what age does co-operative play occur?
3 years
At what age does rule-governed play occur?
5 years
When does theory of mind occur?
18 months
