social psychology

Question 1

What is attitude

Answer 1

A positive or negative elvaluation of a reaction toward a stimulus, such as a person, action or object or concept (eg a behaviour like healthy eating)

Question 2

When do attitudes influence behaviour

Answer 2

More strongly when situational factors that contradict our attitudes are week

To change behaviour have to change attitude – makes the change in behaviour more consistent

Question 3

Hwo does the theory of planned behaviour fit in with attitudes *

Answer 3

Beliefs about important others’ attitudes towards behaviour forms our subjective expected form, which forms our intention and behaviour

It indicates the importance of exploring social norms in changing health behaviour

Question 4

Example of how the theory of planned behaviour fits in with attitude – smoking *

Answer 4

think about people’s ideas of smoking and where those ideas have come from

What do your friends think about you smoking

What do they think about smoking in general

Whose opinion is important to you

What are the pros and cons of following that opinion

Question 5

Explain cognitive dissonance *

Answer 5

Conflict or unease caused by opposing opinions

Eg that you are a smoker, but you know that smoking is bad for you

By exploring beliefs you create cognitive dissonance

Bringing people’s attention to the conflict makes them think how they can change it

Question 6

Hwo can you resolve dissonance *

Answer 6

Change behaviour – eg quit smoking – difficult so avoided

Acquire new info – such as seeking exceptions – someone lived to 98

Reduce important of cognitions – say that you want to live in the moment

Question 7

When are messages more effective in changing behaviour *

Answer 7

When they:

Reach recipient

Are attention grabbing

Easily understood

Relevant and important

Easily remembered

Question 8

What makes messages more persuasive *

Answer 8

Credibility – if given by drs

Come from trustworthy source

From someone who is well presented

Question 9

Describe the halo effect *

Answer 9

When people are well presented, people assume good things about them

Question 10

What is framing *

Answer 10

Refers to whether a message emphasises the benefits or losses of behaviour

How the messages are communicated

Question 11

What type of framing is best when we want people to detect health issues early *

Answer 11

Loss framed

Ie emphasise risk of not

Question 12

What type of framing is best when we want people to use prevention *

Answer 12

Gain framed

Ie emphasise the benefits

Question 13

What is stereotype *

Answer 13

Generalisations made about a group of people or members of that group eg race, ethnicity, or gender

Or more specific such as medical specialities

Leads to prejudice

Question 14

What is prejudice *

Answer 14

To judge, often negatively, without having relevant facts usually about a gp or individual members

Leads to discrimination

Question 15

What is discrimination*

Answer 15

Behaviours that follow from negative evaluations or attitudes towards members of particular groups

Question 16

Eg of stereotypes – mental health *

Answer 16

Gps reluctant to take on pt with long standing mental health condition than someone with DM

Even though both well controlled

Perhaps predict further difficulties/have less experience with mental health

Suggests prejudice

Question 17

Eg of stereotype- knee operations *

Answer 17

Identical pt cases assigned male and female randomly

Gps and orthopods were more likely to give male pt surgery than female

Prejudice about how people manage condition/respond to pain

Question 18

What is social loafing *

Answer 18

The tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a grp than working alone

Question 19

Eg of social loafing

Answer 19

The amount of force generated when pulling a rope increases as more people pull

Then it levels off as people expend less weight individually

Question 20

When is social loafing more likely to occur *

Answer 20

Person believes individual performance is not being monitored

The task has less meaning to the individual

They have low motivation to succeed

They expect other members will display high effort

Question 21

What groups would social loafing occur more in &

Answer 21

All male

Individualistic cultures – western

Question 22

When will social loafing disappear *

Answer 22

When individual performance monitored

Members value gp or goal

Gps are smaller

Members are of similar competence

Question 23

What is conformity *

Answer 23

the adjustment of individual behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs to a group standard

Question 24

Eg of conformity *

Answer 24

People asked if lines are the same length – when most of gp answer wrong volunteer will follow gp rather than give the right answer

When students are given models to do knee op – those with marks from previous students follow the marks rather than do it right

Question 25

What are the factors that affect conformity*

Answer 25

Gp size – increases with gp size (up to 5)

Presence of dissenter – one person disagreeing reduces group conformity

Greater in collectivistic cultures

Cohesion

Status

Public Response

Lack of prior commitment

Question 26

how to reduce conformity on a ward *

Answer 26

Get someone to play devil’s advocate – allow gp to offer alternative thoughts

Question 27

Examples where no one helped in emergencies *

Answer 27

When someone stabbed by gang

Child gets run over and people pass by

In emergency room in NY

Question 28

Describe bystander apathy – case where 37 people saw someone being stabbed and didn’t help, attacker left and came back *

Answer 28

The fact that people knew there were other people witnessing event meant that they didn’t act

If some people think its not an emergency others will follow

Question 29

Describe the darley and latane experiment *

Answer 29

Pts invited into lab thinking they were talking about personal problems – in separate rooms and communicated via intercom to keep confidentiality

Actor pretended to have seizure to see if people helped

87% helped if they believed it was them and the other student

31% helped when they thought it was a gp of 4 people

Hardly anyone helped if they thought it was more than 4

If people didn’t help in 3mins they wouldn’t at all

Those that didn’t appeared in distress, reporting shame and guilt

They didn’t help because they didn’t want to be embarrassed or ruin the confidentiality of the experiment

This is bystander apathy

Question 30

What is the 5 step bystander decision process *

Answer 30

1 – notice event

2 – decide if real emergency- social comparison – look to see how others are responding

3 – assuming responsibility to intervene – diffusion of responsibility, believing that someone else will help – more people = less help

4 – self-efficacy in dealing with situation – people think they are unable to help

5 – decision to help – based on cost benefit analysis eg danger

Made by latane and darley

Question 31

How can we increase helping behaviour *

Answer 31

Reduce restraints on helping

• Reduce ambiguity and increase responsibility
• Enhance concern for self image

Socialise altruism

• Teaching moral inclusion
• Modelling helping behaviour
• Attributing helpful behaviour to altruistic motives - encourage nobel behaviour
• Education about barriers to helping

Question 32

Describe the who is my doctor study *(

Answer 32

32 yr old admitted with unexplained rash and renal, hepatic and pul failure

9 specialities and 40drs involved in care

>25 diagnositic tests and 2 imaging procedures done

No diagnosis confirmed

Bystander effect

Question 33

Describe the francis report &

Answer 33

Poor care in mid-staffordshire trust

Contributed to avoidable deaths

Report presented organisational failure and lack of care

Non-compassionate behaviour

Possiblt from bystander apathy and cognitive dissonance

Question 34

Describe the milgrim experiment *

Answer 34

One learner and 1 teacher told that experiment studied the effect of punishment on learning and memory

Shock generator used to apply punishment, shocks grew increasingly intense with each mistake

‘learner’ screamed etc

People kept giving shocks as instructed by the person in the white coat, regardless of person’s pain

Question 35

Factors that influenced obedience in the milgrim study *

Answer 35

Remoteness of victim- closer = less obedient

Closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure dissolution of responsibility – obedience increases when someone else gives shocks

Not personal characteristics

Question 36

What is group think *

Answer 36

The tendency of gp members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek agreement

they just go with any soln

Question 37

What is gp polarisation *

Answer 37

The tendency of people to make more extreme decisions when in a gp as opposed to a decision being made alone or independently – when alone you lose the safeguard

Question 38

When is groupthink more likely to occur *

Answer 38

When group:

When under high stress to make a decision

Are insulated from outside input

Has directive leader

Has high cohesiveness

Question 39

Clinical example of group think – all surgeons vs MDT *

Answer 39

2 panals, all surgeons/MDT looked at appropriateness of carotid surgery

All surgeons thought that majority were appropriate, MDT though a lot less were

Surgeons thought less were inappropriate than MDT – surgical team are more extreme and less cautious

perhaps because MDT was cohesive whereas there is a clear hierarchy in the surgical team

Question 40

What are the leadership styles *

Answer 40

Autocratic/authoritarian

Participative/democratic

Laissez-faire (free rein)

Question 41

Describe autocratic leadership *

Answer 41

All decisions are made by leader

They do not get suggestions or initiatives from subordinates

Question 42

Describe participative leaders *

Answer 42

Decision making by the gp

The leader gives instruction after consulting the group

Question 43

Describe laissez-faire leaders &

Answer 43

Leaves the gp entirely to itself – allow max freedom to subordinates

They have a free hand in deciding policies and methods

Question 44

Benefits and disadvantages of autocratic leaders *

Answer 44

+

Quick – good for high stress situation

Hierarchy if responsibility

-

Demotivating

Lead to errors

Question 45

+ and – of democratic leaders *

Answer 45

+

Win cooperation and motivate team

Improve quality of decision making

-

Time consuming

Can lead to disagreement

Question 46

+ and - Laissez-faire *

Answer 46

+

Allows autonomous working

Allows expertise to be utilised

-

Lead to lack of direction

Lack of ultimate responsibility holder – diffusion of responsibility

Question 47

Which leadership style is best *

Answer 47

Depends on the situation

Depends on the person you are

Question 48

what are the symptom sof group think *

Answer 48

Direct pressure applied to people who express doubt

Mind Guards: people who prevent negative information from reaching the group

Members display self-censorship and withhold their doubts

An illusion of unanimity is created