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Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Bystander Effect

A
  • Tendency for an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone
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2
Q

Social Psychology

A
  • The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
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3
Q

Social Cognition

A
  • Area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information
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4
Q

Person Perception

A
  • Processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others (use of the face in social cue)
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5
Q

Stereotype

A
  • Generalization about a group’s characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another (research: attractive vs. unattractive)
    • Self Fulfilling Prophecy: late bloomers vs. teacher expectations
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6
Q

Attribution Theory

A
  • People are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior
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7
Q

Attribution

A
  • Process by which we come to understand the causes of other’s behavior and form an impression of them as individuals
  1. Internal/external Causes: specific to the person, his/her traits & abilities, “or” social pressure, aspects of the social situation, and the weather. (You smart, or was the test easy?)
  2. Stable/Unstable Causes: permanent or temporary. (Did you fail the test because you’re a bad student, or did you have a bad day?)
  3. Controllable/Uncontrollable Causes: have power over some causes, yet not others (I can control only what is given, not the entire test)
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8
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A
  • Observers over-estimation of the importance of the internal traits and underestimation of the importance of the external situations when they seek explanations of another person’s behavior
    • Actor: produces the behavior to be explained, often in external causes
    • Observer: offers an explanation of the actor’s behavior, often in internal causes
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9
Q

False Consensus Effect

A
  • Observers overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do
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10
Q

Positive Illusions

A
  • Favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality
    • Positives: psychologically healthier and more likely to be judged positively by others, tend to give ourselves more breaks in terms of our behavior (attributions)
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11
Q

Self Serving Bias

A
  • Tendency to take credit for one’s own successes and to deny responsibility for one’s own failures
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12
Q

Stereotype

A
  • Individual’s fast acting, self fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group
    • Positive vs. Negative
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13
Q

Social Comparison

A
  • Process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others.
  • Helps build an “identity” when evaluating with others
    • Facebook provides a venue for social comparison. A recent study of college students found that those who spent more time each week on Facebook agreed that other people have better lives than they do and are happier than they are.
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14
Q

Attitudes

A
  • Individuals opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas
  • How the person feels about the world
    • For example…(attitudes can impact behavior)
  1. When the person’s attitudes are strong
  2. When the person shows a strong awareness of his or her attitudes and when the person rehearses and practices them.
  3. When the person has a bested interest
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15
Q

Cognitive Distance

A
  • Psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts
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16
Q

Self Perception Theory

A
  • Behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior
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17
Q

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

A
  • Refers to the thought that a consumer is more likely to comply with a big request if he agrees to a smaller one
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18
Q

Altruism

A
  • Unselfish interest in helping another person
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19
Q

Egoism

A
  • Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self esteem; to present one-self as powerful, competent, or caring; or to avoid social and self censure for failing to live up to society’s expectations
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20
Q

Empathy

A
  • Feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person
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21
Q

Bystander Effect

A
  • Tendency for an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone
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22
Q

Aggression

A
  • Social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally
23
Q

Relational Aggression

A
  • Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person (bullying “mean girls”)
24
Q

Overt Aggression

A
  • Physical or verbal behavior that directly harms another person (UC Davis protest)
25
Q

Conformity

A
  • A change in a person’s behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard
    • Traffic laws, drinking habits, singing together as a group (classroom)…social norms
    • Asch’s Experiment: social conformity vs. behavior
26
Q

Informational Social Influence

A
  • Influence other people have on us because we want to be right
    • You know nothing about computers (your friends do), so you do what they say
27
Q

Normative Influence

A
  • Influence other people have on us because we want them to like us
    • Clothing style, type of talk, etc
28
Q

Obedience

A
  • Behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority
29
Q

Deindividuation

A
  • Reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group
    • Ku Klux Klan (groups, darkness, conceal identity)
30
Q

Social Contagion

A
  • Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas
    • phenomena or social fads, (unhealthy: cutting), laugh more cause they all laughed
31
Q

Social Facilitation

A
  • Improvement in an individual’s performance because of the presence of others
    • Training with a buddy
32
Q

Social Loafing

A
  • Each person’s tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort
    • group projects, participation in our class!!
33
Q

Risky Shift

A
  • Tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members
    • jumping into unknown waters
34
Q

Group Polarization Effect

A
  • Solidification and further strengthening of an individual’s position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction
    • National convention
35
Q

Groupthink

A
  • Impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony
    • Penn state scandal, politics
36
Q

Social Identity

A
  • The way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership
    • We draw on a host of different characteristics associated with the various social groups
37
Q

Social Identity Theory

A
  • View that social identity is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about oneself
    • Ingroups vs. outgroups (comparison between)
    • Tajfel (research on social identity theory)
38
Q

Ethnocentrism

A
  • Favor one’s own ethnic group over other groups
39
Q

Prejudice

A
  • Unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individuals membership in a group
40
Q

Discrimination

A
  • Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group
41
Q

Racism

A
  • Belief and/or action
42
Q

Sexual Harassment

A
  • Unwelcome behavior or conduct of a sexual nature that offends, humiliates, or intimidates another person.
43
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A
  • Phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize they have seen it before (Attraction: more like to fall for someone you see everyday)
    • Proximity: physical closeness
    • Consensual validation: shy away from the unknown, we look for similar interests
44
Q

Attachment Theory

A
45
Q

Social Learning Theory

A
  • We may learn behaviors by viewing others
    • Children Playing
46
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A
  • Activated by learning and priming scripts, arousal & desensitize
    • See it enough, doesn’t bother you
47
Q

Catalyst Model

A
  • Genetic and early social influences (family/peers), less stress will trigger a violent act.
  • You are “predisposed” to violence
    • Learning from media
48
Q

Moral Panic Theory

A
  • Some issue/belief will arise within society and eventually die off after awhile
  • It will rise again with a new incident, and die off again
    • Temporary Brother
49
Q

The Lucifer Effect

A
  • Humans cannot be defined as “good” or “evil” because we have the ability to act as both especially at the hand of the situation
  • According to Zimbardo, “Good people can be induced, seduced, and initiated into behaving in evil ways. They can also be led to act in irrational, stupid, self-destructive, antisocial, and mindless ways when they are immersed in ‘total situations’ that impact human nature in ways that challenge our sense of the stability and consistency of individual personality, of character, and of morality.”
  • He also notes that we as humans wish to believe in unchanging goodness of people and our power to resist situational and external pressures and temptations
  • Zimbardo states that peer pressure, the desire to be ‘cool’, the fear of rejection, and simply being a part of a group are the focal points to acting “abnormal” to your character
50
Q

Great Man Theory

A
  • Assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent – that great leaders are born, not made
  • These theories often portray great leaders as heroic, mythic and destined to rise to leadership when needed
51
Q

Contingency Theory

A
  • Particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation
  • According to this theory, no leadership style is best in all situations
  • Success depends upon a number of variables, including the leadership style, qualities of the followers and aspects of the situation
52
Q

Situtional Theory

A
  • Leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variables
  • Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
    • For Example: In a situation where the leader is the most knowledgeable and experienced member of a group, an authoritarian style might be most appropriate
    • In other instances where group members are skilled experts, a democratic style would be more effective
53
Q

Participative Theory

A
  • Suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account
  • These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process
  • In participative theories, however, the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
54
Q

Clinical Psychologists vs. Social Psychologists

Example: “Why are the elderly more likely to commit suicide than any other age group”?

A
  • Clinical: diagnostic, treatment, assess (employed in treatment facilities)
  • Social: behavior, thoughts, feelings, are influenced by “others” (employed in education, law, etc)

Example:

  • Clinical: Wonder if any biological/cognitive factors are contributing to the mind of the elderly
  • Social: Would be more concerned with the social influences on the elderly
  1. Are the elderly discriminated against?
  2. Do they have any family near by?
  3. Are they lonely?
  4. Do the elderly feel as if they do not contribute to society?
  5. Do they a have a social network?

Psychology (5 decks)

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