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Carl's SFE cards > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Big ideas

A
  • We construct our social reality
  • Our social intuitions are often powerful, but sometimes perilous (conscious and deliberate or unconscious and automatic)
  • Social influences shape our behavior
  • Personal attitudes and dispositions come from social construction
  • social behavior is biologically rooted
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2
Q

Principles of social psych

A

to help us know ourselves better, implications for human health, judicial procedures, influencing behaviors

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3
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Demonstrated the malleability of memory (car crash experiment), showing how easy it is to get someone to give a false testimony by framing the question differently to them.

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4
Q

Hot vs. cold theories of social people

A 
hot = emotional/motivational
cold = cognitive and cerebral
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5
Q

Consistency seeker

A

hot model: we go about our business until we encounter inconsistency, then we try to fix it

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6
Q

self-esteem maximizer

A

hot model: someone who avoids situations where self-esteem is threatened

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7
Q

terror manager

A

hot model: behavior is a response to the fear of death

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8
Q

information seeker

A

cold model: someone who tries to understand the world around them, constantly looking for new information about themselves

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9
Q

information processor

A

hot and cold: someone who notes the inner cognitive work that happens when information is encountered

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10
Q

foolish mistake maker

A

cognitive mizer, uses shortcuts that result in occasional errors and mistakes

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11
Q

nondifferent individual or situational responder

A

only responds to their own situation/environment

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12
Q

impression manager

A

Someone who cares too much about what people think all the time

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13
Q

naturally selected animal

A

good explanation for sex, survival, success, group selection, etc.

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14
Q

cultured animal

A

culture is humankind’s biological strategy

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15
Q

The group member

A

An individual who identifies with a group, not as an individual

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16
Q

benighted layperson

A

someone who holds unpopular views; thinks or says things most people find pathetic or mrally bereft

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17
Q

Who is the Developer of field theory?

A

Kurt Lewin

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18
Q

What is Field theory

A

Behavior is a function of a person and their environment

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19
Q

1920 Floyd Allport

A

first social psych lab experiments

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20
Q

Thibaut & Kelley’s interdependence theory

A

we communicate/have relationships based on a rewards : cost ratio (like social exchange theory)

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21
Q

Solomon Ashch

A
  • Conformity study with lines (people will conform to fit in even when they know it is wrong)
  • We also form trait-based impressions of people
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22
Q

Festinger

A
  • social comparison theory: people seek others to be around who compare similarly. We are always comparing ourselves to others.
  • Cognitive dissonance: when we experience things that do not match well with our values or are counter-intuitive, we are uncomfortable and we do whatever we can to reduce the dissonance. We also avoid situations that provoke dissonance
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23
Q

Milgram

A

-researched the effect of authority on obedience
-concluded people obey out of fear or a desire to seem cooperative
(participants administered electric shocks)

You should know this one by now.

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24
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

With enough people around, no one will take responsibility for something that needs to be done, thinking that someone else surely will do it. Cause of the bystander effect

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25
Q

Causal attribution theories

A
  • common sense approach
  • covariation model (attributions are based on common variables [Englebert])
  • personal construal
  • correspondent interference theory (if other causes are plausible, we lose confidence in our attribution and we notice inappropriate behavior better)
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26
Q

Judgment and decision-making

A
  • behavioral economics (risk vs. reward)
  • heuristics (shortcuts)
  • how we organize and use information
  • social cognition
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27
Q

Main topics for Social Cognition

A
  • attribution theory
  • impression formation
  • stereotyping
  • attitudes
  • the self
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28
Q

Attribution theory

A

How do people attribute causes of events and behavior?

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29
Q

Schema

A

how we understand things, people, events, etc. We bring these to bear when processing new info. They can be manipulated

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30
Q

Common attribution errors

A
  • Actor-observer perspectives (when we act, we focus on situational attribution)
  • camera perspective bias (who/what we watch affects our interpretation)
  • self-awareness (self-conscious people attribute outcomes to their own behavior)
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31
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

If someone else does something wrong, it’s attributed to them, not the situation. If they do something right, it is the situation, not them. It is opposite when we think about ourselves

32
Q

Self-fulfilling prophesy

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

33
Q

Clever Hans

A

an example of experimenter bias

34
Q

Rosenthal experiment

A

tricked teachers to think some kids were smarter than others, demonstrated self-fulfilling prophesy

35
Q

behavioral confirmation

A

a type of self-fulfilling prophesy: people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations (i.e. playing in to the role you’ve been given in society, like the nerd, jock, or slut)

36
Q

Impression memory consistency

A

when someone made a positive impression, we tend to only remember their positive traits and vice versa

37
Q

Big 5 personality traits

A 
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion/introversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
38
Q

elementist view of impression formation

A

impression is the sum of its parts averaged

39
Q

holistic view

A

whole > sum of its parts

40
Q

Zajonc

A

said emotion is primary to social cognition. Affect is informational and effects responses to questionnaires.

41
Q

Affect infusion model (Forgas)

A

when situations get more complex, less predictable, we infuse more affect into our decision-making process.

42
Q

Appraisal Theory of emotion

A
  • We have a goal, belief, or knowledge
  • > an event occurs
  • > we appraise the relationship between goals and event along many dimensions (expectedness, conduciveness, agency, etc)
  • > this elicits an emotion (physiological/cognitive changes)
  • > person perceives emotional sensations as a feeling
  • > cope w/ feeling by taking internal or external action
43
Q

Law of situational meaning

A

emotions arise as responses to the meaning we give events

44
Q

law of concern

A

how important an event is to us motivates congruence vs. incongruences.

45
Q

mood-congruent memories

A

we recall emotional memories better when we are in a similar state

46
Q

impact bias

A

tendency for our pre-experience simulation process to be wrong

47
Q

Self

A

an animal within a social world, not just our internal idea of who we are. Emerges from interactions with others, it sustains relationships, it exerts control over its environment, is socially aware and colored by judgments,

48
Q

4 components of stigma

A

1) awareness of stereotype
2) agreement with it
3) applied to one’s self
4) personal impact: the “why try” effect

49
Q

6 Determinants of self-concept

A
  1. roles we play
  2. social identities we form
  3. comparisons against others
  4. successes and failures
  5. how other people judge us
  6. surrounding culture
50
Q

3 things needed to change the self

A

1) monitoring
2) feedback loop
3) willpower (executive functioning, thinking)

51
Q

Attitude

A

a favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone that is rooted in you beliefs and expressed through emotions and feelings

52
Q

What Zimbardo taught us

A

when we say things, we believe them - when there is no compelling external explanation for one’s words, we start to believe our own lives

53
Q

Foot in the door

A

get someone to agree to a small request, then ask for a larger one

54
Q

lowball

A

people agree to something, then you up the ante

55
Q

impression management

A

we try to make our attitudes be consistent with our actions

56
Q

self-perception theory

A

when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them as much as someone observing us, by looking at our behavior and the circumstance under which it occurs

57
Q

Central route to persuasion

A

focusing on the arguments and responding with favorable thoughts (the meat and potatoes route)

58
Q

Peripheral route to opersuasion

A

when people are persuaded by incidental cues like attractiveness or tone. Focuses on cues that trigger automatic acceptance without much thinking (the presentation is everything route). Usually leads to superficial and temporary attitude change

59
Q

Cults

A

“new religious movements” characterized by distinct ritual and beliefs related to devotion to a God or person, isolation from surrounding “evil” culture, and charismatic leader.

60
Q

Evolutionary explanation for prosocial behavior

A

Kin protection - genetic relatedness predicts helping (kin selection) - altruism enhances survival of mutually shared genes. Selfish individuals rise to the top, but altruistic groups survive better.

61
Q

Reciprocity norm

A

expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. (social capital)

62
Q

Norm of fairness

A

a deep aversion to unequal treatment. over-benefitted often feel guilty.

63
Q

Types of aggression

A

-Hostile: reactive, hot blooded, driven by anger, is an end to itself
-Instrumental: proactive, cold blooded, is a means to some other end
Both can be physical, verbal, relational/social

64
Q

Principles that predict conformity

A
  • reciprocity (more willing to comply if you did something nice for them)
  • social validation (if the requested bhx is consistent with what other similar others are doing)
  • consistency (if we have already committed to something, we like to remain consistent)
  • liking/friendship (more likely to comply with friends)
  • scarcity (lower availability = increased value)
65
Q

What causes attraction

A
  • proximity
  • anticipation of interaction (mere exposure effect)
  • physical attractiveness
66
Q

Social comparisons that influence attraction

A
  • similarity
  • complimentary
  • attribution (flattery)
  • self-esteem
  • reward theory (if our bhx is rewarding in relationship)
  • equity (if outcomes of relationship are equitable to input)
  • self-disclosure (increase and increase intimacy)
67
Q

Alternatives to exiting relationships

A

1) loyalty (waiting for conditions to improve)
2) neglect (ignore partner and allow relationship to deteriorate)
3) voice concerns/take action steps to improve relationship

68
Q

Consequences of rejection

A
  • increased aggression, decreased prosocial bhx

- primed to make new friends, we get dumber , passive, lazy, uncooperative, sad, hurt, jealous, etc (aka depressed)

69
Q

Bowlby’s attachments

A

Secure, avoidant (dismissive), anxious (fear of rejection), preoccupied (sense of unworthiness and anxiety, ambivalence & possessiveness)

70
Q

Sherif camping experiment

A

kids developed prejudice against other teams, in-group biases, when put in groups at camp for camp games

71
Q

Integrated threat theory

A

perceived changes in environment motivate or don’t motivate action

72
Q

relative deprivation

A

feeling deprived of something you feel entitled to

73
Q

Evolutionary social psychology

A

traits that help us survive in a group get passed on. These are things like our ability to form coalitions (cooperation), status symbols, vigilance against members of out-groups that could be dangerous (hence our proneness to intergroup prejudice)

74
Q

Primary control

A

we shape the world to fit our need (Western/individualistic)

75
Q

secondary control

A

wee choose which realities to align with and control their impact on us (reframe/interdependent)

76
Q

Whitehall study

A

Higher ranking British civil servants had way less health problems than those with lower status. Stress is bad for you only when it is perceived as distress

77
Q

allostatic load

A

damage done from chronic stress

Carl's SFE cards (4 decks)

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