Psychopathology Flashcards
Essential features of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Social communication and interaction are restricted; repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
Essential feature of any anxiety disorder
Anticipation of future threat that brings excessive fear
Essential features of depressive disorders
presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individual’s ability to function
Essential features of personality disorders
- Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior
- deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture
- pervasive and inflexible
- onset in adolescence or early adulthood
- stable over time
- leads to distress or impairment.
Essential features of bipolar disorders
Characterized by at least one episode of either hypomania (bipolar 2) or mania (bipolar 1) followed by a swing into at least one depressive episode
Features of trauma disorders
Any disorder in which exposure to traumatic or stressful event is listed explicitly as a diagnostic criteria
-Usually has intrusive symptoms from trauma
Alzheimer’s dementia
impaired cognition has not been present since birth or very early in life, representing a decline from previously attained level of functioning
Diagnostic criteria for DSM-5
reflect quantitative deviations from “normal” functioning along particular dimensions to create a profile of emotional functioning
Ideas of categorical classification
- Developed from medical field
- assumes disorders have specific etiologies, pathologies, and treatments
- assumes disorders are both qualitatively distinct from normal functioning and from one another
what are the 3 Limitations of categorical classification?
- doesn’t account for comorbidity
- certain disorders do not have distinct boundaries (e.g. mood and personality disorders, impulse control and psychosis)
- Symptoms often seem more continuous than categorical
FIDO (for developmental/neurological disorders)
- Frequency
- Intensity
- Duration
- Onset
Main features of ADHD
- A disorder of executive functioning
- Disrupted attention, spatial working memory, short term memory, response inhibition and set-shifting
Essential features of schizophrenia
- At least delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech (positive symptoms)
- Can have disorganized behavior or catatonia or other negative symptoms (diminished emotional expression, avolition, asociality, anhedonia, alogia)
- does not occur during a mood disturbance
- early adulthood or adolescence onset
Various hypotheses for etiology of Schizophrenia (or risk factors)
- Enlarged ventricles
- behavioral genetics (50% chance if both parents have it)
- stress-vulnerability model
Schizoaffective disorder
Psychotic symptoms in the presence of a mood disorder. Can be bipolar or depressive
Hypotheses for etiology of depressive disorders
- about 31-42% genetic heritability
- learning and modeling: attributional errors modeled after parents, coping strategies, low reinforcements
- prolonged exposure to stressful life events
Manic symptoms (GRAPES)
- (G) inflated self-esteem/grandiosity
- (R) racing thoughts/flight of ideas
- (A) psychomotor agitation or increase in goal-directed activity-
- (P) pressured speech
- (E) elated, expansive, euphoric mood
- (S) decreased need for sleep
- distractibility
- hedonistic interests
cyclothymia
at least 2 years (1 in childhood or adolescence), numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms that do not meet criteria for hypomanic episode
-criteria not met for MDD
FIND (for bipolar)
Frequency
Intensity
Number
Duration
Bipolar prognoses
BPD I: more severe, more cycling, increase risk of substance abuse, tend to recover between episodes
BPD II: more chronic, more major depressive, increased anxiety
Some relevant predictors of Bipolar
- polygenetic etiology
- white matter hyperintensities
- smaller amygdala
- decreased hippocampal volume
- difficulties in brain connectivity
Common anxiety medications
SSRI, SNRI, MAOI, Benzodiazepines (very addictive), Beta blockers (as needed)
Essential features of OCD
- pressence of obsessions, compulsions, or both, which are time-consuming and cause clinically significant distress or impairment
- driving force is to reduce the anxiety from obsessions
Best therapy treatment for OCD
exposure and response - hierarchy of situations
Reactive Attachment Disorder
- Inhibited (unhealthy) attachment (either too close/no boundaries, or too distant) presumably caused by insufficient care, comfort/affection, or from neglect and deprivation
- Usually socially withdrawn, does not seek comfort in distress and does not respond to it
Essential features of Dissociative disorders
-lack of integration. Can look like dissociative amnesia, depersonalization, derealization, multiple states of personality
Dissociation
lack of integration
Somatization
- can be more common in cultures where mind and body are less separate
- medically unexplained positive physical symptoms
Pica
eating non-food, non-nutritive substances for over a month
Anorexia Nervosa
- restriction of food intake relative to nutrition requirements needed to maintain body weight at or above minimally normal weight for age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health
- intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
- Can be restricting or bingeing/purging
Bulemia Nervosa
recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by recurrent episodes of overly-compensatory episodes (purging or over-exercising)
Diagnostic considerations for sexual dysfunction and paraphilias
- lifelong vs. acquired
- general vs. situational
- partner factors
- relationship factors
- individual vulnerability factors
- cultural factors
- medical factors
- minimum 6 month duration
Cluster A personality disorders
Odd or eccentric: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
Cluster B personality disorders
Dramatic or erratic: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
Cluster C personality disorders
Anxious or fearful: avoidant, dependent, Obsessive-compulsive
