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Carl's SFE cards > Learning Cognition Emotion > Flashcards

Learning Cognition Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Ways to improve memory

A
  • repetition
  • elaboration
  • association
  • biological factors (sleep, vitamins, etc)
  • pay attention
  • pictures
  • use your ears
  • reduce over-loads
  • time travel
  • rhyming
  • relax
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2
Q

Principles of association

A
  • contiguity (either spacial or temporal)
  • frequency
  • similarity
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3
Q

Ebbinghaus main ideas

A
  • psychology of memory as a science
  • “father” of modern memory research
  • used himself as participant
  • increase practice, increase retention
  • forgetting and retention curves
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4
Q

Law of exercise

A

we learn by doing, we forget by not doing

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5
Q

Watson’s theory of learning

A

behaviorism. rats in maze learned automatic motor behaviors to help them solve mazes, simply from finding rewards on the correct paths

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6
Q

Tolman

A

Cognitive maps (contrary to Watson’s theory of how rats solved the mazes)

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7
Q

Miller’s magic

A

Magical number: 7 +/- 2. Also, context helps us understand messages and information

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8
Q

Rummel-Hart

A

connectionist theory: concepts based on overlapping associations of nodes (get it? rummel connected with hart: rummel-hart)

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9
Q

Where does the majority of learning happen?

A

The Central Nervous System

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10
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

plan and produce skilled movement

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11
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • inside temporal
  • important in learning new info about facts and autobiographical info
  • Emotional memory
  • looks like seahorse
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12
Q

Thalamus

A

incoming sensory stimuli go here, then get relayed to appropriate primary cortex involved for interpretation/manipulation

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13
Q

Theory of equipotentiality

A

memory takes place in all parts of our brain

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14
Q

Acetylcholine

A

connects motor neurons and muscles. Regulates attention and memory

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15
Q

Dopamine

A
  • muscle movement

- pleasure/reward

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16
Q

norepenephrine

A
  • increases arousal

- contributes to learning and long term memory

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17
Q

epinepherine

A

excitatory, attention and concentration

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18
Q

serotonin

A

sleep, appetite, mood

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19
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A
  • a process by which connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation. (AKA a post-synaptic neuron can strongly respond to weak stimuli if repeatedly stimulates)
  • Neurons that fire together wire together
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20
Q

What happens when the hippocampus is damaged

A

-damage to learning ability because you can’t have LTP, so you can’t form new memories. AKA anterograde amnesia

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21
Q

Neurogenesis

A

creation of new neurons - modifies brain in adaptation to changing environmental conditions

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22
Q

Blocking

A

If a stimulus that has been conditioned to elicit a response gets paired with another stimulus, the second stimulus will not elicit the response because it is blocked by the first one.

23
Q

When is delayed conditioning most effective?

A

for autonomic response

24
Q

Trace conditioning

A

CS presented long before the US

25
Renewal
when previously extinguished conditioned response reappears in a context in which extinction did not take place
26
reinstatement
previously extinguished CR reappears in a context where extinction did take place
27
Higher order contditioning
when a conditioned response becomes an unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus (ex. in pavlov's experiment: if a ball (unconditioned stimulus) gets paired with the bell enough times, the ball will also elicit salivation)
28
occasion setting
determining the occasion when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (ex. only presenting bell with food when in a certain room, or at a certain time of night)
29
A very relevant example of opponent process theory
Developing a drug tolerance. When a conditioned stimulus creates a conditioned response that is opposite of the unconditioned response, which is the drug's effects. -the body is preparing to compensate for the drug's effects to better maintain homeostasis
30
Shaping
think potty training - successive approximations of desired response that are selectively reinforced
31
chaining
learning to execute complicated sequences of discrete responses (i.e. learning piano 1 hand at a time)
32
Name the 5 types of reinforcement schedules
- continuous (every time) - fixed interval (after every so much time passes - think paycheck) - fixed ratio (after a fixed # of responses - think coffee punch card) - variable ratio (think gambling) - variable interval (think facebook notifications, pop quizzes)
33
Premack principle
pairing an undesired activity with a preferred activity
34
Response deprivation hypothesis
when we don't get to execute a response, the thought of being allowed to itself is reinforcing (think getting to do something normal like shopping, when it's been restricted by having to stay in studying all week)
35
Disequilibrium schedule
when preferred routine schedule gets out of wack, returning to it is reinforcing.
36
Pleasure/reward circuit
Neurons stimulate projection from hypothalamus -> Ventral tegmental area -> Nucleus Acumbens in Basal Ganglia, dopamine deposit -> signals motor response
37
Memory consolidation
remembering details after a slight delay, when you couldn't remember it before
38
Is verbal or visual intelligence better preserved?
Verbal
39
Types of amnesia
- retrograde (can't remember past) | - anterograde (can't learn anything new/make new memories)
40
Types of memory
Declarative -semantic, episodic Nondeclarative -procedural, skeletal musculature, emotional responses
41
Levels of memory processing
- shallow: based on physical/sensory characteristics - deep: analysis of info based on meaning - rehearsal - maintenance vs. elaborative
42
proactive memory interference
when previous learning interferes with new learning (my previously learned Spanish interfered with learning Portuguese)
43
retroactive interference
new learning disrupts previous learning (learning manual driving disrupts when you drive an automatic later)
44
output interference
activity of retrieving interferes with retrieval of needed information
45
cryptonesia
inadvertent plagiarism
46
medial temporal lobe memory storage
right = spatial memory, left = verbal memory
47
Frontal lobe's part in memory
prefrontal can decide what gets transferred to memory, frontal lobe is active in suppressing hippocampus from creating a memory
48
Brain structures for creating memory
Basal forebrain and diencephalon connected to hippocampus via fornix, help trigger hippocampus into encoding the important/interesting things
49
Working memory brain stuff
- Executive functioning necessary for WM - dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex - dorsolateral: manages central executive functions - ventrolateral: supports encoding and retrieval, performs roles of sketchpad and loop
50
Brain part most necessary for skill memory
basal ganglia
51
epigenetics
a non-DNA-based form of inheritance: a gene that gets passed on or activated because of the environment
52
Emotion's role in perception/attention
- we pay more attention to emotional things - we encode emotional things better - we detect emotional things faster
53
Amygdala's role in memory
- aids in storage of memory - can modulate consolidation process - affects retrieval (not very accurate, but more efficient because emotions)

Carl's SFE cards (4 decks)

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