Social Psychology

Question 1

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Answer 1

Social Psychology

Question 1

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Answer 1

attribution theory

Question 2

tendency for observers when analyzing other’s behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Answer 2

fundamental attribution error

Question 3

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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attitude

Question 4

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

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peripheral route persuasion

Question 5

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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central route persuasion

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tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request later comply with a larger request

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foot in the door phenomenon

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theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

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cognitive dissonance theory

Question 8

understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

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norms

Question 9

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. solomon asch experiment

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conformity

Question 10

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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normative social influence

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influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

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informational social influence

Question 12

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

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social facilitation

Question 13

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

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social loafing

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loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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deindividuation

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enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

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group polarization

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mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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groupthink

Question 17

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

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predujice

Question 18

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

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stereotype

Question 19

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

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discrimination

Question 20

tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserves what they get

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just-world phenomenon

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“us” -people with whom we share a common identity

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ingroup

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“them” -those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

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outgroup

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tendency to favor our own group

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ingroup bias

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theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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scapegoat theory

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tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

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other-race effect

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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

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aggression

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idea that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression

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frustration-aggression principle

Question 28

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

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social script

Question 29

phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

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mere exposure effect

Question 30

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

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passionate love

Question 31

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our loves and intertwined

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companiote love

Question 32

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give into it

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equity

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act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

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self-disclosure

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unselfish concern for the welfare of others

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altruism

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tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

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bystander effect

Question 36

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

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social exchange theory

Question 37

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

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reciprocity norm

Question 38

an expectation that people will help those dependant upon them

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social-responsibility norm

Question 39

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

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conflict

Question 40

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

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social trap

Question 41

mutual views often geld by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as ecil and aggressive

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mirror-image perceptions

Question 42

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

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self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 43

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

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superordinate goals

Question 44

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Answer 44

grit