research methods etc

Question 1

tendency to believe that you knew the outcome of something after finding out the results

Answer 1

hindsight bias

Question 2

thinking that doesn’t blindly accept arguments and conclusions–> it examines assumptions assesses the source discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Answer 2

critical thinking

Question 3

explanation using a set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Answer 3

theory

Question 4

testable prediction often implied by a theory

Answer 4

hypothesis

Question 5

carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in research study. EX. ‘human intelligence’ may be operationally defines as what an intelligence test measures

Answer 5

operational definition

Question 6

repeating the essence of a research study usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Answer 6

replication

Question 7

descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principals

Answer 7

case study

Question 8

observing behavior from afar without manipulating or controlling the situation

Answer 8

naturalistic observation

Question 9

technique for collecting self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group usually by questioning a representative, random sampling of the group

Answer 9

survey

Question 10

flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

Answer 10

sampling bias

Question 11

all those in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn

Answer 11

population

Question 12

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of being sampled

Answer 12

random sampling

Question 13

measure of the extent to which variables change together and thus of how well either variable predicts the other

Answer 13

correlation

Question 14

statistical index of the relationship between two variables

Answer 14

correlation coefficient

Question 15

graphed cluster of dots

Answer 15

scatterplot

Question 16

perception of a relationship where none exists

Answer 16

illusory correlation

Question 17

research methods in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. by ‘random assignment’ of participants the experimenter aims to control other relevant variables

Answer 17

experiement

Question 18

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

Answer 18

experimental group

Question 19

the group in an experiment NOT exposed to the change and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Answer 19

control group

Question 20

assigning participants to experiments by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

Answer 20

random assignment

Question 21

experiment in which both the research participants and the staff do not know about whether that participant has received treatment or not

Answer 21

double-blind procedure

Question 22

experimental results caused by expectations alone. Any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inherent substance or condition which the recipient assumes and active agent

Answer 22

placebo effect

Question 23

experimental factor that is manipulated

Answer 23

independent variable

Question 24

factor other than the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the IV

Answer 24

confounding variable

Question 25

the outcome factor in an experiment: what is being measured

Answer 25

dependant variable

Question 26

extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Answer 26

validity

Question 27

numerical used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation

Answer 27

descriptive stats

Question 28

bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

Answer 28

histogram

Question 29

most frequently occuring number in a distribution

Answer 29

mode

Question 30

the average of a distribution

Answer 30

mean

Question 31

middle score in a distribution

Answer 31

median

Question 32

representation of score that lack symentry around the average value

Answer 32

skewed distribution

Question 33

difference between the highest and lowest number in a distribution

Answer 33

range

Question 34

computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Answer 34

standard deviation

Question 35

“Normal distribution” a symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

Answer 35

normal curve

Question 36

numerical data that allows one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

Answer 36

inferential statistics

Question 37

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Answer 37

statistical significance

Question 38

enduring behaviors, ideas, attributes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Answer 38

culture

Question 39

ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether to participate

Answer 39

informed consent

Question 40

post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any description to it’s participants

Answer 40

debriefing

Question 41

analyses of special individuals

Answer 41

case studies

Question 42

watching and recording natural behavior of individuals

Answer 42

naturalistic observation

Question 43

observe and record behavior

Answer 43

descriptive

Question 44

to detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another

Answer 44

correlation