cognition Flashcards
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
algorithm
a phenomenon in which people predict the frequency of an event or a proportion based on how easy an example can be brought to mind
availability heuristic
beginning at 4 months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds
babbling stage
the tendency to cling our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence
belief perspective
he believed that we are born with the hardware and an operating system for language
Noam Chomsky
mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
cognition
mental grouping of similar objects events, ideas or people
concepts
tendency to search for information that confirms one’s perceptions
confirmation bias
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
fixation
tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
functional fixedness
the system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others
grammar
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem (aha! moment)
insight
our spoken, written, or gestured work, is the way that we communicate meaning to ourselves and others
language
tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
mental set
beginning at or around his first birthday, a child starts to speak and is able to make family members understand him
one-word stage
smallest unit that carries a meaning, it may be a word of part of a word
morphemes
the smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language
phonemes
a mental image or best example of a category
prototype
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information
representativeness heuristic
a set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, or sentences
semantics
consists of the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
syntax
he believed that language development may be explained on the basis of learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement
B.F. Skinner
kind of speech a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words
telegraphic speech
before the 2nd year a child starts to speak in telegraphic speech
two-word stage
He suggested that language determines the way we think
Benjamin Whorf
a test designed to asses what a person has learned
achievement test
a test designed to predict a person’s future performance; like the ACT
aptitude test
He pioneered intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help-not applicable in the US because it was too culture-bound (French)
Alfred Binet
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Crystallized intelligence
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
downs syndrome
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score
factor analysis
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
fluid intelligence
recently discovered phenomenon that demonstrates that the average IQ has been rising dramatically over successive generations
Flynn Effect
creator of the inheritable trait theory; psychometrics: Darwin’s cousin
Sir Francis Galton
children who have IQ over 130; individuals who have special talents, creativity, or leadership abilities
giftedness
He devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic
Howard Gardener
he thought of emotional intelligence: able to manage one’s own emotions, is capable of self-motivation and self-direction, recognizes emotions in other, and is able to handle various types of relationships.
Daniel Goleman
passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
grit
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
heritability
mental quality consists of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
intelligence
defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
intelligence quotient
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
intellectual disability
he was the creator of “g-factor” or general intelligence concept
Charles Spearman
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the testm or on retesting
reliability
a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data
normal curve
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in compulsion or drawing
savant syndrome
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
standardization
he devised the Triarchic Theory of intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)
Robert Sternberg
He found 7 main abilities including, reasoning, verbal, comprehensions, memory
L.L. Thurstone
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
validity
