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AP Pysch > cognition > Flashcards

cognition Flashcards

1
Q

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

A

algorithm

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2
Q

a phenomenon in which people predict the frequency of an event or a proportion based on how easy an example can be brought to mind

A

availability heuristic

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3
Q

beginning at 4 months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds

A

babbling stage

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4
Q

the tendency to cling our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

A

belief perspective

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5
Q

he believed that we are born with the hardware and an operating system for language

A

Noam Chomsky

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5
Q

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

cognition

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6
Q

mental grouping of similar objects events, ideas or people

A

concepts

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7
Q

tendency to search for information that confirms one’s perceptions

A

confirmation bias

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8
Q

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving

A

fixation

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9
Q

tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

A

functional fixedness

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10
Q

the system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others

A

grammar

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11
Q

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem (aha! moment)

A

insight

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12
Q

our spoken, written, or gestured work, is the way that we communicate meaning to ourselves and others

A

language

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13
Q

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

A

mental set

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13
Q

beginning at or around his first birthday, a child starts to speak and is able to make family members understand him

A

one-word stage

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13
Q

smallest unit that carries a meaning, it may be a word of part of a word

A

morphemes

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14
Q

the smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language

A

phonemes

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15
Q

a mental image or best example of a category

A

prototype

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16
Q

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information

A

representativeness heuristic

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17
Q

a set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, or sentences

A

semantics

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17
Q

consists of the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

A

syntax

18
Q

he believed that language development may be explained on the basis of learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement

A

B.F. Skinner

19
Q

kind of speech a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words

A

telegraphic speech

20
Q

before the 2nd year a child starts to speak in telegraphic speech

A

two-word stage

21
Q

He suggested that language determines the way we think

A

Benjamin Whorf

22
Q

a test designed to asses what a person has learned

A

achievement test

22
Q

a test designed to predict a person’s future performance; like the ACT

A

aptitude test

23
Q

He pioneered intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help-not applicable in the US because it was too culture-bound (French)

A

Alfred Binet

23
Q

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

A

Crystallized intelligence

24
Q

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

A

downs syndrome

24
Q

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score

A

factor analysis

24
Q

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

A

fluid intelligence

25
Q

recently discovered phenomenon that demonstrates that the average IQ has been rising dramatically over successive generations

A

Flynn Effect

26
Q

creator of the inheritable trait theory; psychometrics: Darwin’s cousin

A

Sir Francis Galton

26
Q

children who have IQ over 130; individuals who have special talents, creativity, or leadership abilities

A

giftedness

26
Q

He devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic

A

Howard Gardener

26
Q

he thought of emotional intelligence: able to manage one’s own emotions, is capable of self-motivation and self-direction, recognizes emotions in other, and is able to handle various types of relationships.

A

Daniel Goleman

27
Q

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

A

grit

27
Q

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

A

heritability

28
Q

mental quality consists of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

A

intelligence

29
Q

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100

A

intelligence quotient

29
Q

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life

A

intellectual disability

29
Q

he was the creator of “g-factor” or general intelligence concept

A

Charles Spearman

29
Q

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the testm or on retesting

A

reliability

30
Q

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

A

normal curve

30
Q

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in compulsion or drawing

A

savant syndrome

31
Q

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

A

standardization

32
Q

he devised the Triarchic Theory of intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)

A

Robert Sternberg

32
Q

He found 7 main abilities including, reasoning, verbal, comprehensions, memory

A

L.L. Thurstone

33
Q

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

validity

AP Pysch (5 decks)

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