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Social psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social psychology?

A

To understand aspects of human behaviour that involves an individual’s relationships to others, groups, society and culture.

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2
Q

What is social influence?

A

Where behaviour of an individual is influenced by a real or imagined pressure from another.

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3
Q

What is obedience?

A

Doing what you’re told by someone in a position of power.

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4
Q

What does dissent mean?

A

People who go against obeying.

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5
Q

What was Milgram’s aims?

A

To investigate whether ordinary people would follow orders and give an innocent person a potentially harmful electric shock.

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6
Q

What was the gender, occupation, age, payment and location for milgram’s advertisement for the experiment?

A

Male, all occupation (excluding students), 20-50 years, $4.50 and New Haven in America.

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7
Q

What were the four verbal prods?

A
  1. Please continue
  2. The experiment requires that you continue
  3. It is absolutely essential that you continue
  4. You have no other choice; you must go on.
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8
Q

Why was it important that the experimenter used standardised prods?

A

Standardised prods are important for replication, meaning that you can check the reliability of the experiment.

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9
Q

What were the quantitative findings?

A

100- 100% obedience up to 300 volts
65- 65% Obedience rate as a %- those who went to the full 450 volts.

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10
Q

What is the conclusion of Milgram’s experiment?

A
  • Ordinary Americans are surprisingly obedient to legitimate authority.
  • Milgram suggested a number pf factors may explain obedience such as the perceived competence and reputation of the researcher and the idea that the participant was somehow advancing science.
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11
Q

What are some factors as to why people obey?

A

Buffers, perception of legitimate authority, lack of personal responsibility, verbal prods and legitimacy of setting.

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12
Q

What does buffer mean?

A

Anything (e.g. the wall) that prevents those who obey from being aware of the full impact of their actions.

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13
Q

What does perception of legitimate authority mean ?

A

The experimenter was presented as having status (e.g) wore a grey lab coat and carried a clipboard.

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14
Q

What does lack of personal responsibility mean?

A

Many participants asked whose responsibility was it if the learner was harmed and showed visible relief when the experimenter took responsibility

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15
Q

What does verbal prods mean?

A

Participants encouraged to continue by the experimenter (e.g) “you must continue, the experiment requires that you continue”

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16
Q

What does legitimacy of setting mean?

A

Took place at Yale University so participants thought the researchers were experts.

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17
Q

What is another study of obedience?

A

Hoflingn as he uses a field experiment to study obedience.

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18
Q

What is the Hofling et al (1966) study?

A
  • A total of 21 out of 22 nurses followed the doctor’s orders and attempted to give the medicine
  • Several nurses justified their behaviour as being as a result of the hierarchy of authority at the hospital.
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19
Q

How does Hofling et al (1966) relate to Milgram’s research?

A

Their study showed that ordinary people are obedient to authority even if it goes against their sense of right/ wrong.

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20
Q

How can Hofling et al (1966) be seen as more useful than Milgram’s study?

A

They showed how high levels of obedience can occur in real life settings ( high ecological validity)

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21
Q

What does autonomous mean?

A

In an autonomous state a human acts according to their own free will.

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22
Q

What does agentic mean?

A

In an agentic state, the individual displaces responsibility for their actions on to the authority figure.

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23
Q

What is moral strain?

A

When an individual is torn between the drive to obey and their moral conscience.

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24
Q

What is an example of autonomous state?

A

Participants in Milgram’s study who said that they wouldn’t do anything that they thought would hurt the learner and refused to continue.

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25
Q

What is an example of an agentic state?

A

Participants who asked who would be responsible for hurting the learner and continued when they were told the experimenter was responsible.

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26
Q

How do you overcome moral strain?

A
  1. Shift to an agentic state
  2. Adopt an autonomous state
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27
Q

Why did Milgram suggest that obedience is an evolved characteristic?

A

As it came from our nurture and nature, so from our genes or the influence of our environment.

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28
Q

What does the organisation of human society contain?

A

Evolution and survival, Social organisation and obedience

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29
Q

How do people know to be obedient?

A

Primary socialisation and secondary socialisation

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30
Q

What is primary socialisation?

A

Nurture- Socialisation, our upbringing and exposure to authority figures nurture this preparedness.

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31
Q

What is secondary socialisation?

A

Nature- Innate preparedness, all humans are born with the capacity for language, in a similar way we are innately prepared to be obedient. (passed on genetically)

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32
Q

What does SIN stand for?

A

Strength, Immediacy, Number

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33
Q

What is division of impact mean?

A

The number of targets to be influenced affects the impact of the source.

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34
Q

What does status of authority mean?

A

The authority figure needs to be perceived to be legitimate if people are going to obey their orders.

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35
Q

What does proximity of authority figure mean?

A

The closer the authority figure the higher the level of obedience.

36
Q

What does presence of buffers mean?

A

The presence of buffers between participants and victim increase obedience.

37
Q

What does momentum of compliance mean?

A

Starting with small and trivial requests and then gradually increasing these.

38
Q

What does personal responsibility mean?

A

More obedient when in a situation where they remove personal responsibility from them.

39
Q

What are the two locus of controls?

A

Internal and External

40
Q

What is the authoritarian personality?

A

A harsh style of parenting, leads children to develop personality traits such as toughness, destructiveness and cynicism.

41
Q

What is individualistic culture?

A

They resist conformity and compliance.

42
Q

What is collectivist cultures?

A

They value interdependence, cooperation and compliance

43
Q

What 3 negative components is prejudice associated with?

A

Cognitive, Affective and Behavioural

44
Q

What is the cognitive component in social psychology mean?

A

The stereotypes we hold

45
Q

What is the affective component in social psychology mean?

A

Feelings of hostility and hatred

46
Q

What does behaviour component in social psychology mean?

A

Avoidance, assault, joke- making and discrimination

47
Q

What is the aim of Sherif et al classic study?

A

To look at intergroup relations over a period of time in order to investigate a group formation

48
Q

Where is the setting of sherif et al classic study?

A

Robber’s Cave Camp in Oklahoma

49
Q

How long was the duration of the sherif et al classic study?

A

Two week camp

50
Q

What was the recruitment/ sampling method in the sherif et al classic study?

A

Opportunity sample of 200 boys from schools in Oklahoma City.

51
Q

What was the procedure in sherif et al classic study?

A

There were three stages to this field experiment.

52
Q

In the classic study sherif et al, does the experiment still manipulate the independent variable?

A

Yes

53
Q

What does the realistic conflict theory explain?

A

It explains prejudice as arising from conflict between groups

54
Q

What were the results of the realistic conflict theory?

A

Extreme in- group favouritism and solidarity.
Hostility towards members of the out- group

55
Q

How can intergroup hostility be reduced by?

A

Superordinate goals and positive functional interdependence

56
Q

What does superordinate goals mean?

A

Something both groups have to work and cooperate on to achieve a shared aim

57
Q

What does positive functional interdependence mean?

A

Everyone shares the same goals so that all individuals and the groups benefits from co-operating to achieve them

58
Q

What does personal identity mean?

A

Consists of our unique qualities, personality and personal characteristics

59
Q

What does social identity mean?

A

We distinguish ourselves by membership to certain social groups.

60
Q

What is social categorisation?

A

We categorise people in order to understand the social environment

61
Q

What is an In- group?

A

A group we have membership to

62
Q

What is an Out-Group?

A

Another group which we do not have membership to

63
Q

What does social identification mean?

A

An individual identifies themselves by their membership to groups.

64
Q

What is social comparison?

A

The two processes which are used to achieve social comparison is In-group favouritism and Negative out-group bias.

65
Q

What’s an example of in-group favouritism?

A

The British thinking they are all unique

66
Q

What is an example of negative out-group bias?

A

Viewing the Immigrants as people who are the same

67
Q

What is theory is the authoritarian personality?

A

Theory of prejudice.

68
Q

Is Adorno et al., 1950 the authoritarian personality?

A

Yes

69
Q

What were the three stages of the authoritarian personality (Adorno et al., 1950)?

A

Stage 1: They interviewed two American college students (Mack and Larry) about their political beliefs, how they were raised and their attitudes to minorities.
Stage 2: They designed a series of personality questionnaires (scales) that would measure the authoritarian personality.
Stage 3: They carried out interviews with 40 males and 40 females that covered information about their background, their beliefs, their feelings towards others and their religious and political ideology.

70
Q

What is anti-semitism?

A

(hostility against Jews)

71
Q

What’s an example of Anti-semitism?

A

” I can hardly imagine myself as a Jew”.

72
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

(belief that one’s own ethnic group is superior to another)

73
Q

What’s an example of ethnocentrism?

A

“Any group of social movement that contains many foreigners should be watched with suspicion and, where possible, investigated by the FBI”

74
Q

What is conservatism?

A

(belief in tradition and social order order with a disilike for change)

75
Q

What’s an example of conservatism?

A

“Young people sometimes get rebellious ideas, but as they grow up they ought to get over them, and settle down”

76
Q

What does fascism Scale- The F scale mean?

A

(views that oppose democracy and the fair election of government and majority rule)

77
Q

What’s an example of fascism scale?

A

” No insult to our honour should ever go unpunished”

78
Q

What are the 3 characteristics in authoritarian personality that makes them more likely to be prejudice?

A
  1. Rigid in thinking, intolerant to change, hold conventional attitudes and conform to wider social group norms.
  2. Hostile to people they see as inferior to themselves particularly minority groups or people they see as belonging to an out-group (difference race, social group, age, sexuality).
  3. Submissive to authority and obedient to those in positions of power.
79
Q

What is the Katz and Brady (1933)?

A
  • Students attending Princeton university completed a questionnaire.
  • They had to pick 5-6 traits from a list of 84 personality traits (e.g. lazy) that they thought represented each ethnic group.
80
Q

What was the result of Katz and Brady (1933)?

A

They found that the majority of American students classified African Americans as superstitious and ignorant.

81
Q

What is the Karlins et al. (1964)?

A

Replication of the Katz and Brady (1933).

82
Q

What was the conclusions of Karlins et al. (1964)?

A

Culture does seem to prejudice, but as culture changes so do the prejudices that people had.

83
Q

What does individualistic cultures mean?

A

Interpersonal prejudice- an individual’s biased attitude toward another specific person.

84
Q

What does collectivist cultures mean?

A

Intergroup prejudice- a group’s biased attitude toward another specific group.

85
Q

What is the overall conclusion for culture and prejudice?

A
  • Comparison between cultures do not support the ideas that one type of culture is more prejudiced than another.
  • Cross-cultural comparisons of prejudice are extremely hard measure.
86
Q
A

Psychology A-Level (13 decks)

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