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social psychology Flashcards

1
Q

what is social psychology?

A

how the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others influences the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of individuals

combination of sociology + psychology

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2
Q

impression formaton - what is the primacy effect?

A

our overall impression of someone is influenced by the first info we receive

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3
Q

what are expectations in impression formation?

A

our expectations affect how we perceive the behaviour of others

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4
Q

what is an attribution?

A

an inference about the cause of our own or another’s behaviour

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of attributions

A
  • situational
  • dispositional
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6
Q

describe situational attributions

A

factors operating an external situation are caused by a persons attributes

ex: doing good on a test bc the teacher made an easy test

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7
Q

describe dispositional attributions

A

person attributes their behaviour to some internal cause or personal trait

ex: doing good on a test because you’re smart

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8
Q

what is an actor-observer bias?

A

tendency to attribute our own shortcomings primarily to situational factors and those of others to internal or dispositional factors

ex: if you fall, its cause the floor was slippery, if someone else falls its cause they’re clumsy

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9
Q

what is self-serving bias?

A

we attribute our successes to dispositional causes and failures to situational causes

ex: an athlete is more likely to attribute a good performance on their own ability, and a poor one on external causes like the event environment.

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10
Q

what is a fundamental attribution error?

A

our over emphasis on internal factors and underestimation of external factors when we explain other people’s behaviour

ex: if someone cuts us off while driving, our first thought might be “What a jerk!” instead of considering the possibility that the driver is rushing someone to the airport

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11
Q

what are three factors that influence attraction?

A

1- proximity
2- mere-exposure effect
3- halo effect

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12
Q

romantic attraction - what is matching hypothesis?

A

when two people tend to be in relationships with someone similar to them ex: physical attractiveness

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13
Q

what is conformity?

A

changing someone’s behaviour or attitude to be consistent with the norms of a group or the expectations of others

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14
Q

who did a conformity experiment?

A

soloman asch (1950s)

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

obedience = following orders
who did an experiment on obedience?

A

stanley milgram + philip zimbardo

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17
Q

what is compliance?

A

acting in accordance with the wishes of another person

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18
Q

what is the foot-in-the-door technique?

A

get a wanted response to a small request making the subject agree to a bigger request later

19
Q

what is the door-in-the-face technique?

A

making an unreasonable request, then lowering that request something the person will agree to (which is what you wanted in the first place)

20
Q

what is the low-ball technique?

A

making an attractive initial offer (then later making the terms less favourable)

21
Q

4 factors in group influence?

A

1- social facilitation
2- audience effects
3- co-action effects
4- social loafing

22
Q

what is groupthink?

A

tight-knit groups are more likely to make worse decisions bc they’re more interested in being social with the group then the grade

23
Q

factors in group influence?

A

group polarization and roles

24
Q

what are attitudes?

A

a relatively stable evaluation of a person, object, situation, or issue

25
Q

3 components of attitudes?

A

1- cognitive: thoughts and beliefs
2- emotional: feelings toward
3- behavioural: predisposition to act

26
Q

what is cognitive dissonance?

A

what we feel when between our belief and actions there’s a difference

27
Q

4 methods of reducing cognitive dissonance?

A

1- change behaviour
2- change attitude
3- explain away inconsistency
4- reduce importance of inconsistency

28
Q

what is persuasion?

A

deliberate attempt to influence the ways of another

29
Q

4 elements of persuasion?

A

1- source of the communication (likability)
2- audience (low IQ = stupid)
3- message (unemotional vs emotional)
4- medium (repetition can influence people)

30
Q

what is prejudice?

A

negative attitudes toward someone based on race, religion, gender, etc.

31
Q

what is discrimination?

A

behaviour (negative) toward someone based on race, religion, gender, etc.

32
Q

what is reverse discrimination?

A

giving special treatment to people that get discriminated more often

33
Q

what are stereotypes?

A

widely shared beliefs about the characteristics of certain social groups

34
Q

what is social cognition?

A

mental processes that people use to notice and apply info on the social world (organize their world)

35
Q

realistic conflict theory?

A

thought that prejudice arises when social groups must compete for scarce economic resources

36
Q

what is in-group conflict?

A

social group with a strong sense of togetherness (others are excluded)

37
Q

what is out-group conflict?

A

social group specifically identified by the in-group as not belonging

38
Q

what is contact hypothesis?

A

the notion that prejudice can be lessened through increased contact with people from a different social group

39
Q

what is the bystander effect?

A

the more bystanders around, the less chance victim will get help

40
Q

what is diffusion of responsibility?

A

feeling in bystander that other people will take responsibility

41
Q

what is aggression and what are some biological factors?

A

intention infliction of physical or psychological harm

3 factors:
1- genetics
2- level of arousal
3- testosterone

42
Q

what is scapegoating?

A

displacing aggression onto minority groups or other innocent targets

43
Q

what are some helpful behaviours for aggression?

A

prosocial: cooperative, sympathetic, helpful
altruism: behaviour aimed at helping another,
self-sacrificing, no personal gain

psych (6 decks)

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