Social Psychology

Question 1

Conformity:

Answer 1

Altering one’s behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people’s expectations

Question 2

Normative influence:

Answer 2

People conform in order to fit in with the group, even when they believe the group is doing the wrong thing

Question 3

Informational influence

Answer 3

People conform when they think that the behavior of others is correct or appropriate

Question 4

Social norms

Answer 4

-Set expectations about behavior and the consequences of deviating
from those expectations.
-People who go against the group risk criticism, embarrassment, and ostracism

Question 5

Reciprocity

Answer 5

If Person A helps (or harms) Person B, then Person B will help (or harm) Person A

Question 6

Transitivity

Answer 6

Sharing friends’ opinions of others; if Jim and Tom are friends, then if Jim likes Emily, then Tom will also tend to like Emily

Question 7

Social identity theory

Answer 7

Ingroups perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership

Question 8

Ingroup favoritism:

Answer 8

People evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup

Question 9

Group polarization:

Answer 9

The process by which initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time

Question 10

Attributions

Answer 10

Explanations for why events occur

Question 11

Personal attributes

Answer 11

Explanations of people’s behavior that refer to their internal characteristics

Question 12

Situational attributes

Answer 12

Explanations of people’s behavior that refer to external events

Question 13

Correspondence bias

Answer 13

The tendency to expect that people’s actions correspond with their beliefs and personalities

Question 14

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 14

In explaining other people’s behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors

Question 15

Actor/observer discrepancy

Answer 15

People focus on situations to explain their own behaviors, and focus on dispositions to explain other people’s behavior

Question 16

Stereotypes

Answer 16

Cognitive schemas in which group membership is used to organize information about people

Question 17

Sub-typing

Answer 17

When people encounter someone who does not fit a stereotype, they put that person in a special category rather than alter the stereotype

Question 18

Stereotype threat

Answer 18

Fear or concern about confirming negative stereotypes related to one’s own group, which in turn impairs performance on a task

Question 19

Prejudice

Answer 19

Negative feelings, opinions, beliefs associated with a stereotype

Question 20

Discrimination

Answer 20

The differential treatment of people as a result of prejudice against their group

Question 21

Perspective taking

Answer 21

A technique involving people actively contemplating the
psychological experiences of other people

Question 22

Perspective giving

Answer 22

A technique in which people share their experiences of being targets of discrimination

Question 23

Differentiate between conformity and obedience

Answer 23

Obedience is obeying someone with a higher status; conformity is going along with people of equal status. Obedience relies on social power; conformity relies on the need to be socially accepted.

Question 24

Discuss the relationship between social norms and conformity

Answer 24

Social norms are the accepted standards of behavior of social groups. These groups range from friendship and workgroups to nation-states. behavior that fulfills these norms is called conformity.

Question 25

Describe the factors that influence formation of ingroups and outgroup

Answer 25

People can identify with ingroups and outgroups based on many factors, like ethnicity, gender, age, occupation, political affiliation, and even arbitrary criteria