social - psychological explanation✅ Flashcards
1️⃣frustration- aggression hypothesis:
- who came up with this and what did they suggest?
- why did he say we experience aggression? what is it called when you release this?
what happen top the aggression due to this barrier?
- Dollard, suggested frustration always leads to aggression.
- frustration occurs when goal directed behaviour is blocked, leads to a build up of mental tension, releasing this in the form of aggression leads to a pleasant feeling of relief (catharsis)
- its displaced somewhere else more accessible
1️⃣frustration- aggression hypothesis
- what does this hypothesis recognise about how agg. is taken out?
- what are the 3 reasons behind this?
- what does this mean about agg.?
- it isn’t always taken out in the source of the frustration for 3 reasons
1- the cause of agg. may be abstract such as the music industry
2- the cause may be too powerful and there’ll be serious punishment if we are aggressive eg teacher gives you a bad grade at school
3- the cause may be unavailable at the time eg the teacher left school before you could have a go at them for the bade grade.
- the agg. is displaced elsewhere to somewhere non-abstract, weaker and available.
1️⃣frustration- aggression hypothesis:
- what did Berkowitz say?
- what was his study where he demonstrated the weapon effect?
- what did he find?
- what does this show?
- frustration merely creates a readiness for aggression but the presence go aggressive cues in the environment make acting upon this more likely.
- ppt s were given fake electric shocks by confeds. to create anger and frustration. these ppts were then given the chance to do the same to the confeds.
- the number of shocks was greater when there were tow guns on the table (6.07) as opposed to non (4.67)
- the presence of environmental cues stimulates aggression.
1️⃣frustration- aggression hypothesis
- what is some research into frustration - agg.?
- procedure?
- findings?
- green carried out a study to find out how frustration affects agg.
- male uni students completed a jigsaw with one of 3 ways it was manipulated;
1- puzzle was impossible to solve
2- ran out of the time bc the confed kept interrupting
3- confed insulted the ppts as they foaled to solve the puzzle
later all ppts had the chance to give confed electric shocks
- the insulted group gave the strongest shocks, then group 2 then group 1.
1️⃣frustration- aggression hypothesis
AO3:
✅ strength
❌ 1 weakness
✅ research to support by Newhall who conducted a meta analysis of 49 studies of displaced aggression. he found that frustration can lead to aggression against a weaker or more available target
❌the link between agg. and frustration is complex. there is nothing automatic between the two, may people control their frustration and dot become aggressive. also, people need to be aggressive in sports such as rugby or boxing but doesn’t nessisarily mean they’re frustrated before
2️⃣social learning theory:
(direct and indirect learning)
- what did bandura state?
- give an example
- behav. is learnt through observational learning, mechanisms of operant conditioning involving positive and negative reinforcement + punishment
- if a child snatches a toy off anther child they will learn agg. behav. is rewarding and neg. behav. is more likely to reoccur in the future
2️⃣SLT:
observational learning and vicarious reinforcement:
- how do children acquire agg. behav.?
- as well as the behav. what do children also observe?
- what happens if the agg. model is rewarded? what is this known as?
- what is the parallel of this?
- by observing models such as siblings or parents
- the consequences too
- children learn they can use agg. to get what they want (vicarious reinforcement)
- vicarious punishment = if the models behav. is punished they are less likely to immitate.
2️⃣SLT:
self efficacy:
- definition?
- how does a Childs ability to be aggressive grow? give an example
- believing our actions will achieve a desired goal
- grows as they learn it can bring rewards eg. if a child hits another for a toy, they learn they have the motor skills to get what they want. the Childs sense of self- efficacy develops the successful.
2️⃣SLT:
cognitive conditions for learning:
- what are the 4 conditions bandura identified in order for social learning to take place? explain
1- attention = observer must pay attention to models behav.
2- retention = remembering agg behav. and how its performed
3- reproduction = reproducing the agg. behav. themselves
4- motivation = needs a purpose to imitate behav. especially if theres a reward.
2️⃣SLT:
bandura’s research:
- briefly explain the procedure of the bobo doll study
- 3 groups of children watched an adult w a bobo doll
group1- adult was agg. (hitting, kicking)
group2- adult was nice to doll
group3- no adult (control group)
the children had a break then was put in a room with the doll to see how they treated it
2️⃣SLT:
bandura’s research:
- briefly explain the findings of the bobo study
- nearly all children imitated the behav. of the made verbally and physically
- boys were more agg. then girls, but there was no diff in verbal agg.
- alost no agg in group2
- children that had Neve played with a bobo doll before were more likely to imitate the agg behaviour bc they havent been taught otherwise
2️⃣social learning theory:
AO3:
✅ 2 strengths
❌ 2 weaknesses
✅ research to support - Poulin and Boivin found agg boys aged 9-12 were more likely to form friendship with other agg boys due to learning there behav. and perhaps peer pressure
✅ real world application - can be used to help reduce aggression, provide rewards to non agg. models so other children are more likely to imitate good behav. if its rewarded
❌ cant explain all types of agg. - proactive agg children have high levels of self efficacy to reach their goals but reactively agg children often use agg to retaliate in the heat of the moment + for revenge
❌ biological influence are underestimated - bandura recognised agg is instinctive in nature but is also learned through nurture
3️⃣ de- individuation:
- what is de-individuation? who came up with it?
- what is agg normally in society but what happens when in a crowd?
- le Bon said its loosing personal identity to gain the identity of the social group
- agg is normally discouraged but in a crowd we lose restraint and behave in ways we wouldn’t normally. loose senses of responsibility and self identity.
3️⃣ de- individuation + aggression:
- what 2 things did zimbardo distinguish between?
- what is an individuated state?
- what are the 6 conditions that promote de-ind?
- individuated and de- individuated behav.
- ind state = normative and rational
- de-ind state = irrational, impulsive, anti - normative. in this state we live in the moment and ignore social norms.
1-drugs 4- masks
2-darkness. 5- disguises
3-alcohol. 6- uniforms
3️⃣ de- individuation + aggression:
- what is a huge factor that contributes to de-ind? who came up with it?
- why do ppl go into a de-individuated state?
- annominity = Dixon and mahendran said annominity shapes crowd behaviour
ppl feel less fear of retribution as they’re unidentifiable in a big crowd
