evolutionary explanation✅

Question 1

• what is this explanation about?

- what does the term cuckoldry mean?

Answer 1

• characteristics that enhance the survival and reproduction are naturally selected
• when a woman cheats one her husband, he the becomes a cuckold

Question 2

explanation of sexual jealousy:

• why is sexual jel. a main cause of aggression?
• what does sexual jel. drive?
• give an example of one of these strategies?

Answer 2

• paternity uncertainty bc of cuckoldry causes sexual jealousy and aggression of raising offspring thats not his own - waste of his resources.
• drives aggression stratégies men enforce to retain their partners
• male retention stratergies

Question 3

male retention stratergies:

• what are the 2 types of MRS? - give definitions

Answer 3

1- direct guarding - males being vigilant over partners behaviour such as checking where they are going and who with

2- negative inducements - giving threats with bad consequences eg. if you leave me ill kms

Question 4

physical violence against partner:

• who came upon with this and what did they do?
• what did Wilson et al find about women who agreed with these statements?

Answer 4

• wilson et al., made women report mate retention strategies. they done the by agreeing with terms such as “ he insists on knowing where you are and who you are with”
• found women who reported experiencing such strategies were 2x more likely to have experienced physical violence - suggesting mate retention strategies are linked to physical violence.

Question 5

evolutionary explanation of bullying:

• why does bullying occur?
• what does evolutionary suggest about bullying?

Answer 5

• due to a power imbalance - stronger person uses aggression frequently to defeat the vulnerable party
• it is done as an adaptive strategy ton increase chances of survival by promoting their own health and opportunities for reproduction

Question 6

evolutionary explanation of bullying: (male)

• what did Volk find about bullying characteristics in males?
• why is this naturally selected?
• what are adolescent boys less likely to experience?
• why does this benefit there health?

Answer 6

• women are attracted too males with bullying characteristics ad it shows dominance, strength and acquisition of resources. it also bully off potential rivals.
• these males would have greater reproductive success
• less likely to experience aggression as they gain a reputation for being tough and other boys are more likely to avoid contact with them as they’re scared.
• this benefits their health as they are at the top of the dominance hierarchy and wont experience as much stress.

Question 7

evolutionary explanation of bullying: (female)

• where does female bullying most often occur and why?
• why do they do this?
• why is this behaviour naturally selected?

Answer 7

• most often occurs in relationships as a method of controlling their partner
• to secure their partners fidelity ( reproduction and support ) so they can provide resources for future offspring
• it enhances reproductive success

Question 8

AO3:

✅2 strengths

❌ weakness

Answer 8

✅ explains gender differences and why men and women differ in theorises of aggression.

✅ real world application, these explanations can reduce bullying, viewing bullying as an adaptive behaviour may lead to more effective anti- bullying interventions

❌ there are substantial cultural differences in aggressive behaviour- in some places in Africa aggressive behaviour is rare and discouraged from childhood.