Social/Psych Flashcards
What are Piaget’s stages
Sensorimotor 0-24 mos
Preoperational period: 2-7 yrs (egocentric and social speech)
Period of concrete Operations: 7-12 years (multitasking)
Formal Operations: 12+ (moral reasoning)
What is Kohlberg’s theory?
Moral reasoning and ethical behaviour
Level 1 : obedience and punishment, self-interest
Level 2: Interpersonal accord, good boy. good girl, law and order
Level 3: Social contract, Universal ethical principles
Freud’s psychosexual
id- instincts and drives
Ego- represents reality, tries to balance id’s needs
Superego- society, conscience, what should do
Freud’s stages
0-18mos- oral 18mos-4 years - Anal 4- 7 years- phallic 7-puberty- Latent Genital- puberty on
What is the basis of psychotherapy?
Freud- making unconscious conscious
Eriksons Psychosocial
incorporates cultural and social aspects into freuds theory Eight 'crisis' stages successful in each stage if you achieve a healthy 'balance' trust v. mistrust autonomy v. shame Initiative v. Guilt Industry v. Inferiority Idenitity v role confusion (12-18) Intimacy v. isolation (18-40) Generativity v stagnation ( 40-65) Ego Integrity vs Despair
Vygotsky
Proximal zone of development / Scaffolding (building on what you know)
Focus on social interactions and learning (parents, teachers etc)
Children construct knowledge
Bandura’s social learning theory
importance of observing and modeling behaviours Attention Retention Motivation Motor Reproduction
Classical conditioning
Pavlov
neutral stimulus elicits a response after it is paired a stimulus that naturally elicits that response
ex. ketchup and barfing
Skinner
Reinforcement
operant conditioning
Positive Reinforcement- give lollipop
Negative reinfircement- dont have to do the dishes today
NEgative punishment- cant play with your dolls
Positive punishment: have to do the dishes
Shaping
rewarding things that get closer and closert ot the desired behaviour
Behaviour modification
promotes the frequency of desired behaviours and decreases frequency of unwanted ones
Flaws of developmental theory
from personal experience
most focus on children
very narrow in focus
Functionalism
highly related parts- working together
relationships between institutions
may be hidden or obvious
Society is interdependent
Conflict theory
society is created from ongoing conflict between key groups
Change is inevitable
society accommodates between competing interest groups
Symbolic Interactionism
Symbols are the basis of social life
Individuals and societies develop through their interactions through symbols
develop sense of self as they see how others see them
Caste system
people divded by inherited social status
Capitalism
economic systems are privately owned
As social practices become accepted and expected they are
institutions
What are examples of social institutions?
Family
Religion
Economics
Politics
Formal Institutions
Lagre scale groups
Structural functionalist view of institutions
Reproduce membership
Reproduce culture
Produce and sitribute goods and services
Perserve order
provide and maintain meaning and purpose
Maintain the privledge of the most powerful
can also view as reinfircing inequality
Ethnicity vs race
race- biological
ethnicity- cultural/social ties , language
Illness
experiences of disvalued changes in state
