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OT Anatomy > Hand, Shoulder and Arm > Flashcards

Hand, Shoulder and Arm Flashcards

To learn the muscles, bones and nerve innovations of the hand, arm and shoulder

1
Q

What nerve innervates the majority of Arm Flexor muscles

A

Median nerve

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2
Q

What nerve innervates the Arm Extensors

A

The radial nerve

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3
Q

Common extensor origin

A

Lateral epicondyle

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4
Q

Common flexor origin

A

Medial epicondyle

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5
Q

What muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve

A

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

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6
Q

Name the extensors of the hand @ wrist

A 
Extensor digitorum 
Extensor digiti minimi 
Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis longus & brevis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
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7
Q

Name the flexors of the hand

A 
Flexor digitorum superficialis 
Flexor digitorum profundus 
Flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
palmaris longus
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8
Q

What are the actions of the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis - terminates at the proximal interphanageal joint in s V
flexor digitorum profundus- Flexes the distal interphanageal

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9
Q

What are the names of the wrist bones?

A 
Scaphoid 
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capatate
Hamate
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10
Q

What bones articulate with the radius to creat the wrist joint

A

Lunate and Scaphoid

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11
Q

One of the functions of the respiratory system is to:

a. Deliver oxygen to the working tissues (e.g. working muscle)
b. Remove carbon dioxide from the blood
c. Remove wastes from intercellular fluid
d. Deliver hormones to the tissues
e. Protect the heart

A

B- Remove carbon dioxide from the blood

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12
Q

All the following are functions of the skeletal system except:

a. Storing lipids and calcium
b. Serving as sites for blood cell formation
c. Supporting the body
d. Coordinating body activities

A

d.Coordinating body activities

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13
Q

Which of the following are important functions of the skin?a.Temperature regulation

b. Protection from injury, including infection
c. Sensory reception
d. Maintenance of fluid balance
e. All of the above

A

E- all of the above

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14
Q

The muscular system supports all activities requiring coordinated action. It cannot function in the complete absence of:

a. Endocrine system support
b. Urinary system support
c. Nervous system support
d. Cardiovascular system support

A

C- Nervous system

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15
Q

Name the 12 body systems

A
  • Nervous system
  • Integumentary system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Respiratory system
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular System
  • Reproductive system
  • Urinary systems
  • Endocrine system
  • Lymph system
  • Digestive system
  • Circulatory System
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16
Q

The femoral joint is termed a ball and socket joint. Therefore this joint has three degrees of freedom which are:

a. Abduction/adduction
b. Flexion/extension
c. Internal/external rotation
d. Upward and downward rotation
e. A, b and c

A

E- Abduction/ Adduction
Flexion and Extension
Internal/ External Rotation

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17
Q

In reference to anatomical position the tibia is considered _______________ to the femur:

a. Medial
b. Lateral
c. Proximal
d. Distal
e. Superior

A

D- Distal

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18
Q

The MCP joints of the hand are by definition:

a. Plane joints
b. Condyloid joints
c. Hinge joints
d. Saddle joints
e. Pivot joints

A

B - Condyloid joints

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19
Q

The transverse plane bisects the body into:

a. Right and left halves
b. Upper and lower halves
c. Front and back halves
d. Dorsal and ventral halves

A

B- Upper and lower halves

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20
Q

Name the planes of the body

A

Transverse- upper and lower half
Coronal/ Frontal- Front to back
Saggital or Median or midline- splits left to right

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21
Q

What is the classification, Movement and articulating bones of the shoulder joint

A

Ball and socket

Flexion/ Extension 
Abduction
Adduction 
Medial/lateral rotation
circumduction

Humerous and scapula

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22
Q

What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the Elbow

A

Hinge joint

Flexion/ extension

Radius and Humerous

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23
Q

What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the wrist

A

Condyloid joint

radial and ulnar deviation (abduction and adduction)
Flex/Extend

Carpals and the radius (radialcarpal joint)

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24
Q

What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the metacarpalphalangeal joints

A

Condyloid (synovial joint)
Extension/ flexion
Abduction/ adduction

Metacarpals and phalanges

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25
Q

What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the interphalangeal joints

A

Hinge joints

Flexion/ Extension

Phalanges (proximal and distal)

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26
Q

What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the Hip

A

Ball and socket joint

Adduction
Abduction 
Felxion/ Extension 
Circumduction
Medial and Lateral rotation

Femur and acetabulum

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27
Q

What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the Knee

A

Hinge joint

Flexion/ Extension

Femur and tibia/ fibula and patellar

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28
Q

What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the Ankle

A

Hinge joint

Flexion/ Extension

Tibia/ Fibula and Talus

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29
Q

What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the metatarsalphalageal

A

Condyloid joint

felxion/ extension
abduction/ adduction

Metatarsalphalageal joint

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30
Q

Thumb joint- carpal metacarpal joint AKA ____

A

Saddle joint
abduction adduction
felxion extension
circumduction

articulation of the metacarpals and carpals

Trapeziometacarpal joint

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31
Q

Carpalmetacarpal jonts

A

Condlyoid joints uniting the carpals and metacarpals

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32
Q

What is a catilaginous joint?

A

United by hyaline cartilage or fibrocatilage

Primary- allows movement in early development (epiphyseal plates etc)

United by fibrocatilage creating partially moveable joints

ex. intervertebral discs

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33
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Most common type of joint
provides free movement
often reinforced by ligaments

Hyaline cartilage covers articulating surfaces

Fibrous

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34
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Most common type of joint
provides free movement
often reinforced by ligaments

Hyaline cartilage covers articulating surfaces

Fibrous capsules enclose the joint

synovial membrane lines the capsule and encloses the articular cavity

Articular cavity contains synovial fluid

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35
Q

What movements does the scapulothroacic joint have?

A

A gliding joint formed by the scapula and posterior rib cage.

A form of gliding joint 
Elevation/Depression
Abduction/Adduction
Upward and Downward Rotation
Anterior and Posterior Tilt
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36
Q

What is a coupled motion? Give one example

A

‘Coupled Motion’–A consistent association of one motion about an axis with another motion around a different axis.Examples of coupled motion include:Abduction with upward rotation and slight lateral tilt.Upward rotation is always associated with elevation.Anterior tilt with rotation of clavicle about a mechanical axis

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37
Q

What movements occur at the glenohumeral joint?

A

Abduction/ Adduction
Flexion/Extension
Internal/ External rotation

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38
Q

Explain the sections of the Trapezius

A

Upper - from occipital protuberance to lateral clavicle and acromion process -elevation, upward rotation, retraction

Middle- adduction, spinal process of T1-T5, inserts at acomion or pine of scapula

Lower-Spinal process of T6-T12, acromion process and spine of scapular (I) -upward rotation, depression and retraction

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39
Q

Rhomboids

A

Rhomboid Major -T2-T5 and inserts between root of scapular spine and inferior angle of the scapula

Rhomboid Minor-SP of C7- T1 and inferior nuchal ligament - inserts root of scapular spine

Downward rotation, retraction and elevation

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40
Q

What nerve innervates the trapezius?

A

Accessory Nerve (CN XI), spinal nerves from C3-C4 or Cervical Plexus

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41
Q

What nerve innervates the rhomboids

A

Dorsal Scapular N (C4-C5)

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42
Q

Serratus Anterior Function

A

Protracts the Scapula and holds it against the thoracic wall
Rotates scapula can elevate the ribs
THE PUNCHING MUSCLE

Originates at ribs 1-9 anterolaterally inserts Anterior surface of the entire medial border of the Scapula

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43
Q

Innervation of Serratus Anterior

A

Long Thoracic Nerve

44
Q

Pectoralis minor function

A

Stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall

O: ribs 3-5
I: Medial aspect of coracoid process

45
Q

Innervation of the pectoralis minor

A

Medial pectoral N

46
Q

Levator Scapulae function

A

Elevates the scapula and tilts the glenoid cavity inferiorly ( by rotating the scapula)

O: TPs of C1-C4
I: medial border of the scapula

47
Q

What nerve innervates the levator scapulae?

A

Dorsal Scapular (C5) and spinal nerves C3 to C4 from cervical plexus

48
Q 
Which muscle acting on the arm aids in respiration but also adducts and internally rotates the humerus in the glenohumeral joint
\:a.Serratus anterior
b.Triceps Brachii
c.Latissimus Dors
id.Pectoralis Major
e.Coracobrachialis
A

C Latissimus Dorsi

49
Q

The deltoid muscles collectively the arm and are innervated by the nerve:

a. abduct; axillary
b. adduct; musculocutaneous
c. abduct; thoracodorsal
d. flex; median
e. extend; radial

A

A- Abduct and Axillary

50
Q

This muscle is part of the rotator cuff muscles:

a. Teres major
b. Coracobrachialis
c. Brachioradialis
d. Subscapularis
e. Pectoralis Major

A

D- Subscapularis

51
Q

Which muscle contains a “clavicular head” and a “sternocostal head”?

a. The pectoralis minor
b. The latissumus dorsi
c. The pectoralis major
d. The teres major
e. The triceps brachii

A

C. pec Maj

52
Q

What is Wolf’s law?

A

a healthy person will adapt to the loads on which it is placed ( bones will adapt)

53
Q

Supraspinatus

A

Abducts the GH joint
O:Medial 2/3rds of supraspinous fossa of the scapula
I: Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

Suprascapular nerve

54
Q

Infraspinatus

A

O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula (medial 2/3rds)
I: Greater tubercle of humerus –middle facet

Suprascapular Nerve

External Rotation of GH joint

55
Q

Teres Minor

A

O: Superior lateral border of the scapula.
I: Greater tubercle of humerus –inferior facet

Axillary N (C5,V5

External Rotation of GH joint. Weak adduction.

56
Q

Subscapularis

A

O: Subscapular fossa of the scapula
I: Lesser tubercle of Humerus

Upper Subscapular N (C5,C6

Internal Rotation of the GH joint

57
Q

Deltoids

A

Whole muscle –abduction of GH joint.
Anterior Deltoid: alsoflexes the GH Jt., assists in internal rotation and may assist in adduction.
Middle Deltoid: Abduction*
Posterior Deltoid: also extends the GH Jt., assists in external rotation and adduction.

Axillary N

58
Q

What is the main abductor of the arm?

A

The middle deltoid

59
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Whole muscle: Adduction and internal rotation
Clavicular head: flexes the humerus
Strenocostal head: extends humerus from flexed position

Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerves

60
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

The coughing muscle! Aids in respiration

Inserts at the bicipital (medial) groove of humerus

Adducts, extends and internally rotates arm at gh joint

Innervated by the Thoracodorsal N

61
Q

Teres Major

A

Internal Rotation, Adduction and Extension
O: Scapula
I: bibipital groove of humerus
Lower subscapular N (C5-C7)

62
Q

Corachobracialis

A

O: Corocoid process of scapula
I: Medial shaft of humerus

Flexion of arm but also assists with adduction and internal rotation

Musculocutaneous N

63
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

Musculocutaneous nerve
O: Supraglenoid tubercle
Shorthead O: Coracoid process
Both insert on Tuberosity of radius and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis

Flexion of the forearm (elbow flexion)
Supination of the forearm
Flexion of the arm (shoulder flexion)
Long Head –slight abduction of the arm (at GH joint)
Short head slight adduction of the arm (at GH joint).

Flexion, abduction and internal rotation @ GH

Long head: Stabilizes humeral head in glenoid fossa particularly in deltoid contraction

64
Q

Triceps Brachii

A

Main extensors of the arm , adduction at GH joint

Extension of the forearm (elbow joint)
Triceps Long head participates in adduction and extension of the arm (at GH joint)

Innervated by Radial nerve

O: Long H –infraglenoid tubercle
O: Lat H –posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove
O: Med H –posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove
I: Proximal end of Olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm

65
Q

What are the primary flexors of the arm?

A

Biceps Brachii

Brachialis

66
Q

The actions of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus are:

A

Extend the hand via wrist and abduct the hand

67
Q

The muscle Pronator Teres acts as a primary pronator of the forearm and a weak flexor of the forearm at the elbow. This muscle is innervated by:

A

The Median Nerve

68
Q

What nerve innervates the flexor digitorum profundus?

A

Median nerve - 2 lateral components

Ulnar nerve- 2 medial components

69
Q

What bone does the ulna articulate with at the wrist?

A

The lunate

70
Q

Which bone plays a larger role in the wrist

A

radius

71
Q

What bone articulates the elbow?

A

The ulna and humerus.
@ trochlea of humerus
Olecranon process on ulna

72
Q

Brachialis

A

Flexion of the forearm
Musculocutaneous nerve
Distal half of humerus to coronoid process on ulna

73
Q

Brachioradialis

A 
Radial N
Flexion of the forearm 
Slight Supination
Forearm neutral (drinking muscle) 
slight pronation of forearm to neutral
74
Q

Pronator Teres

A

Pronation of the forearm and Flexion of the forearm (@ elbow)
Median N

75
Q

Anconeus

A

Extension of Forearm ( @ elbow)

Radial N

76
Q

Supinator

A

Radial N

Supination of Forearm

77
Q

Flexor Carpi Radialis

A

Flexion of hand (@wrist)
Radial Deviation or abduction
Slight pronation and flexion of frearm
Median N

78
Q

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

A

Flexion of Hand @ Wrist
Ulnar deviation (adduction)
Ulnar N
Slight flexion of forearm

Humeral Head:
Ulnar Head:

Inserts @ Pisiform and hook of hamate
Originates: Medial epicondyle of huerus and olecranon of ulnar (ulnar head)

79
Q

Palmaris Longus

A

Median N
Inserts at Palm
O at medial epicondyle
Flexion of Hand at wrist (radio carpal joint)
Slight flexion of forearm
Slight pronation of forearm
wrinkles skin of palm to create stronger grip

80
Q

What is the wrist joint called?

A

Radiocarpal joint

81
Q

What is the elbow called?

A

Humeroulnar joint

82
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus

A 
Radial N 
Extension of the hand (@wrist)
Radial Deviation (abduction)
slight flexion of forearm
slight pronation of forearm
83
Q

Extensory Carpi Radialis Brevis

A

Extension of the hand @ wrist
Radial deviation
Slight Flexion (Extension)? of forearm

84
Q

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

A

Extends hand @ wrist joint
Ulnar Deviation
Slight extension of forearm

Radial N

85
Q

Which important sensory nerve of the hand does the anatomical snuffbox contain?

A

Radial Nerve

86
Q

Flexor Digitorum Profundus is innervation by what nerve?

A 
Ulnar nerve (Medial components)
Median N (Lateral Components)
87
Q

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis does what?

A

Only Flexes @ PIPS

terminates into a V split at middle Phalanges

88
Q

Abductor pollicis longus is innervated by which nerve?

A

Radial N

89
Q

Extensory Pollicis Brevis vs Longus

A

Longus goes to dital- brevis goes to proximal
Brevis - extends @ MCP and CMC
Longus- Extends @ MCP and IP because distal

90
Q

What is the sliding fillament theory?

A

Muscle contraction is a repetetive cycle of cross bridge formation (actin/myosin binding and muscle shortening)

Occurs in the presence of elevated Ca 2+ and requires ATp

Z disks move closer together an I/H bands become smaller

91
Q

Explain the structure of muscle

A 
Periosteum lines surface of bone
Epimysium encases muscle
Fasicle is a bundle of muscle fibres
Perimysium encases the fascicle
Endomysium covers muscle fibre
Myofibre is the cell
Myofibrils are repeating units of sarcomeres
Sarcomeres have thick and thin filaments

I Band: hexagonal array of Actin
H Band: Thick gilaments- myosin
Overlap is the site of cross bridge formation

92
Q

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

A

The system depends on Ca 2+ in order for muscle contraction to occur. Ca is released in response to nueral stimulation

As calcium binds to Troponin, the tropomyosin is pulled away allowing myosin to bind

93
Q

What is troponin?

A

Region for calcium Binding

94
Q

What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

To store calcium in order to stop muscle contraction

95
Q

Excitation/ Contraction coupling

A

linking nervous system activation to muscle contraction

96
Q

What is another name for spongey bone?

A

Trabecular bone

97
Q

What is another name for compact bone?

A

Cortical bone

98
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Reabsorb bone

99
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bone

100
Q

Another name for stem cells

A

Osteogenic cells

101
Q

What is bone composed of?

A

2% bone cells

98% matrix (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, etc)

102
Q

Sliding filament theory (Short Answer)

A

Myofibris are divided lengthwise into sections called sarcomeres
Sarcomeres contain 2 strands of proteins (myofilaments) called Actin and Myosin

Sarcomeres contain thin filaments (actin strands) and tick filaments (myosin strands)

Each sarcomere is separated by a Z line (border of thin filaments)

As muscles contract Z lines come closer together

Tropomyosin and Troponin block actin from binding to myosin in resting state (which are removed with ATP (chemical energy) and Ca 2+ when contracting)

103
Q

Sliding filament theory (Short Answer)

A

Myofibris are divided lengthwise into sections called sarcomeres
Sarcomeres contain 2 strands of proteins (myofilaments) called Actin and Myosin

Sarcomeres contain thin filaments (actin strands) and tick filaments (myosin strands)

Each sarcomere is separated by a Z line (border of thin filaments)

As muscles contract Z lines come closer together

Tropomyosin and Troponin block actin from binding to myosin in resting state (which are removed with ATP (chemical energy) and Ca 2+ (binds to troponin) when contracting) but when these are removed actin and myosin bind

actin and myosin binding causes contraction (shape change)

ADP and phosphate unbind with myosin and ATP then binds and causes myosin to realse from the actin and muscle to release

104
Q

What is the rigor mortis a result of?

A

lack of ATP causes ADP and phosphate to remain bound to myosin and myosin to actin (contraction)

105
Q

as long as ____ is present cross bridges will continue to form

A

ATP ( it buys off troponin and tropomyosin with Ca and ATP) allows binding

OT Anatomy (6 decks)

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