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OT Anatomy > Hand, Shoulder and Arm > Flashcards

Hand, Shoulder and Arm Flashcards

To learn the muscles, bones and nerve innovations of the hand, arm and shoulder

1
Q

What nerve innervates the majority of Arm Flexor muscles

A

Median nerve

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2
Q

What nerve innervates the Arm Extensors

A

The radial nerve

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3
Q

Common extensor origin

A

Lateral epicondyle

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4
Q

Common flexor origin

A

Medial epicondyle

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5
Q

What muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve

A

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

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6
Q

Name the extensors of the hand @ wrist

A 
Extensor digitorum 
Extensor digiti minimi 
Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis longus & brevis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
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7
Q

Name the flexors of the hand

A 
Flexor digitorum superficialis 
Flexor digitorum profundus 
Flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
palmaris longus
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8
Q

What are the actions of the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis - terminates at the proximal interphanageal joint in s V
flexor digitorum profundus- Flexes the distal interphanageal

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9
Q

What are the names of the wrist bones?

A 
Scaphoid 
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capatate
Hamate
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10
Q

What bones articulate with the radius to creat the wrist joint

A

Lunate and Scaphoid

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11
Q

One of the functions of the respiratory system is to:

a. Deliver oxygen to the working tissues (e.g. working muscle)
b. Remove carbon dioxide from the blood
c. Remove wastes from intercellular fluid
d. Deliver hormones to the tissues
e. Protect the heart

A

B- Remove carbon dioxide from the blood

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12
Q

All the following are functions of the skeletal system except:

a. Storing lipids and calcium
b. Serving as sites for blood cell formation
c. Supporting the body
d. Coordinating body activities

A

d.Coordinating body activities

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13
Q

Which of the following are important functions of the skin?a.Temperature regulation

b. Protection from injury, including infection
c. Sensory reception
d. Maintenance of fluid balance
e. All of the above

A

E- all of the above

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14
Q

The muscular system supports all activities requiring coordinated action. It cannot function in the complete absence of:

a. Endocrine system support
b. Urinary system support
c. Nervous system support
d. Cardiovascular system support

A

C- Nervous system

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15
Q

Name the 12 body systems

A
  • Nervous system
  • Integumentary system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Respiratory system
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular System
  • Reproductive system
  • Urinary systems
  • Endocrine system
  • Lymph system
  • Digestive system
  • Circulatory System
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16
Q

The femoral joint is termed a ball and socket joint. Therefore this joint has three degrees of freedom which are:

a. Abduction/adduction
b. Flexion/extension
c. Internal/external rotation
d. Upward and downward rotation
e. A, b and c

A

E- Abduction/ Adduction
Flexion and Extension
Internal/ External Rotation

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17
Q

In reference to anatomical position the tibia is considered _______________ to the femur:

a. Medial
b. Lateral
c. Proximal
d. Distal
e. Superior

A

D- Distal

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18
Q

The MCP joints of the hand are by definition:

a. Plane joints
b. Condyloid joints
c. Hinge joints
d. Saddle joints
e. Pivot joints

A

B - Condyloid joints

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19
Q

The transverse plane bisects the body into:

a. Right and left halves
b. Upper and lower halves
c. Front and back halves
d. Dorsal and ventral halves

A

B- Upper and lower halves

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20
Q

Name the planes of the body

A

Transverse- upper and lower half
Coronal/ Frontal- Front to back
Saggital or Median or midline- splits left to right

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21
Q

What is the classification, Movement and articulating bones of the shoulder joint

A

Ball and socket

Flexion/ Extension 
Abduction
Adduction 
Medial/lateral rotation
circumduction

Humerous and scapula

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22
Q

What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the Elbow

A

Hinge joint

Flexion/ extension

Radius and Humerous

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23
Q

What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the wrist

A

Condyloid joint

radial and ulnar deviation (abduction and adduction)
Flex/Extend

Carpals and the radius (radialcarpal joint)

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24
Q

What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the metacarpalphalangeal joints

A

Condyloid (synovial joint)
Extension/ flexion
Abduction/ adduction

Metacarpals and phalanges

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25
What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the interphalangeal joints
Hinge joints Flexion/ Extension Phalanges (proximal and distal)
26
What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the Hip
Ball and socket joint ``` Adduction Abduction Felxion/ Extension Circumduction Medial and Lateral rotation ``` Femur and acetabulum
27
What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the Knee
Hinge joint Flexion/ Extension Femur and tibia/ fibula and patellar
28
What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the Ankle
Hinge joint Flexion/ Extension Tibia/ Fibula and Talus
29
What is the classification, function and articulating bones of the metatarsalphalageal
Condyloid joint felxion/ extension abduction/ adduction Metatarsalphalageal joint
30
Thumb joint- carpal metacarpal joint AKA ____
Saddle joint abduction adduction felxion extension circumduction articulation of the metacarpals and carpals Trapeziometacarpal joint
31
Carpalmetacarpal jonts
Condlyoid joints uniting the carpals and metacarpals
32
What is a catilaginous joint?
United by hyaline cartilage or fibrocatilage Primary- allows movement in early development (epiphyseal plates etc) United by fibrocatilage creating partially moveable joints ex. intervertebral discs
33
What are synovial joints?
Most common type of joint provides free movement often reinforced by ligaments Hyaline cartilage covers articulating surfaces Fibrous
34
What are synovial joints?
Most common type of joint provides free movement often reinforced by ligaments Hyaline cartilage covers articulating surfaces Fibrous capsules enclose the joint synovial membrane lines the capsule and encloses the articular cavity Articular cavity contains synovial fluid
35
What movements does the scapulothroacic joint have?
A gliding joint formed by the scapula and posterior rib cage. ``` A form of gliding joint Elevation/Depression Abduction/Adduction Upward and Downward Rotation Anterior and Posterior Tilt ```
36
What is a coupled motion? Give one example
‘Coupled Motion’–A consistent association of one motion about an axis with another motion around a different axis.Examples of coupled motion include:Abduction with upward rotation and slight lateral tilt.Upward rotation is always associated with elevation.Anterior tilt with rotation of clavicle about a mechanical axis
37
What movements occur at the glenohumeral joint?
Abduction/ Adduction Flexion/Extension Internal/ External rotation
38
Explain the sections of the Trapezius
Upper - from occipital protuberance to lateral clavicle and acromion process -elevation, upward rotation, retraction Middle- adduction, spinal process of T1-T5, inserts at acomion or pine of scapula Lower-Spinal process of T6-T12, acromion process and spine of scapular (I) -upward rotation, depression and retraction
39
Rhomboids
Rhomboid Major -T2-T5 and inserts between root of scapular spine and inferior angle of the scapula Rhomboid Minor-SP of C7- T1 and inferior nuchal ligament - inserts root of scapular spine Downward rotation, retraction and elevation
40
What nerve innervates the trapezius?
Accessory Nerve (CN XI), spinal nerves from C3-C4 or Cervical Plexus
41
What nerve innervates the rhomboids
Dorsal Scapular N (C4-C5)
42
Serratus Anterior Function
Protracts the Scapula and holds it against the thoracic wall Rotates scapula can elevate the ribs THE PUNCHING MUSCLE Originates at ribs 1-9 anterolaterally inserts Anterior surface of the entire medial border of the Scapula
43
Innervation of Serratus Anterior
Long Thoracic Nerve
44
Pectoralis minor function
Stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall O: ribs 3-5 I: Medial aspect of coracoid process
45
Innervation of the pectoralis minor
Medial pectoral N
46
Levator Scapulae function
Elevates the scapula and tilts the glenoid cavity inferiorly ( by rotating the scapula) O: TPs of C1-C4 I: medial border of the scapula
47
What nerve innervates the levator scapulae?
Dorsal Scapular (C5) and spinal nerves C3 to C4 from cervical plexus
48
``` Which muscle acting on the arm aids in respiration but also adducts and internally rotates the humerus in the glenohumeral joint :a.Serratus anterior b.Triceps Brachii c.Latissimus Dors id.Pectoralis Major e.Coracobrachialis ```
C Latissimus Dorsi
49
The deltoid muscles collectively the arm and are innervated by the nerve: a. abduct; axillary b. adduct; musculocutaneous c. abduct; thoracodorsal d. flex; median e. extend; radial
A- Abduct and Axillary
50
This muscle is part of the rotator cuff muscles: a. Teres major b. Coracobrachialis c. Brachioradialis d. Subscapularis e. Pectoralis Major
D- Subscapularis
51
Which muscle contains a “clavicular head” and a “sternocostal head”? a. The pectoralis minor b. The latissumus dorsi c. The pectoralis major d. The teres major e. The triceps brachii
C. pec Maj
52
What is Wolf's law?
a healthy person will adapt to the loads on which it is placed ( bones will adapt)
53
Supraspinatus
Abducts the GH joint O:Medial 2/3rds of supraspinous fossa of the scapula I: Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus Suprascapular nerve
54
Infraspinatus
O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula (medial 2/3rds) I: Greater tubercle of humerus –middle facet Suprascapular Nerve External Rotation of GH joint
55
Teres Minor
O: Superior lateral border of the scapula. I: Greater tubercle of humerus –inferior facet Axillary N (C5,V5 External Rotation of GH joint. Weak adduction.
56
Subscapularis
O: Subscapular fossa of the scapula I: Lesser tubercle of Humerus Upper Subscapular N (C5,C6 Internal Rotation of the GH joint
57
Deltoids
Whole muscle –abduction of GH joint. Anterior Deltoid: alsoflexes the GH Jt., assists in internal rotation and may assist in adduction. Middle Deltoid: Abduction* Posterior Deltoid: also extends the GH Jt., assists in external rotation and adduction. Axillary N
58
What is the main abductor of the arm?
The middle deltoid
59
Pectoralis major
Whole muscle: Adduction and internal rotation Clavicular head: flexes the humerus Strenocostal head: extends humerus from flexed position Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerves
60
Latissimus dorsi
The coughing muscle! Aids in respiration Inserts at the bicipital (medial) groove of humerus Adducts, extends and internally rotates arm at gh joint Innervated by the Thoracodorsal N
61
Teres Major
Internal Rotation, Adduction and Extension O: Scapula I: bibipital groove of humerus Lower subscapular N (C5-C7)
62
Corachobracialis
O: Corocoid process of scapula I: Medial shaft of humerus Flexion of arm but also assists with adduction and internal rotation Musculocutaneous N
63
Biceps Brachii
Musculocutaneous nerve O: Supraglenoid tubercle Shorthead O: Coracoid process Both insert on Tuberosity of radius and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis Flexion of the forearm (elbow flexion) Supination of the forearm Flexion of the arm (shoulder flexion) Long Head –slight abduction of the arm (at GH joint) Short head slight adduction of the arm (at GH joint). Flexion, abduction and internal rotation @ GH Long head: Stabilizes humeral head in glenoid fossa particularly in deltoid contraction
64
Triceps Brachii
Main extensors of the arm , adduction at GH joint Extension of the forearm (elbow joint) Triceps Long head participates in adduction and extension of the arm (at GH joint) Innervated by Radial nerve O: Long H –infraglenoid tubercle O: Lat H –posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove O: Med H –posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove I: Proximal end of Olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm
65
What are the primary flexors of the arm?
Biceps Brachii | Brachialis
66
The actions of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus are:
Extend the hand via wrist and abduct the hand
67
The muscle Pronator Teres acts as a primary pronator of the forearm and a weak flexor of the forearm at the elbow. This muscle is innervated by:
The Median Nerve
68
What nerve innervates the flexor digitorum profundus?
Median nerve - 2 lateral components | Ulnar nerve- 2 medial components
69
What bone does the ulna articulate with at the wrist?
The lunate
70
Which bone plays a larger role in the wrist
radius
71
What bone articulates the elbow?
The ulna and humerus. @ trochlea of humerus Olecranon process on ulna
72
Brachialis
Flexion of the forearm Musculocutaneous nerve Distal half of humerus to coronoid process on ulna
73
Brachioradialis
``` Radial N Flexion of the forearm Slight Supination Forearm neutral (drinking muscle) slight pronation of forearm to neutral ```
74
Pronator Teres
Pronation of the forearm and Flexion of the forearm (@ elbow) Median N
75
Anconeus
Extension of Forearm ( @ elbow) | Radial N
76
Supinator
Radial N | Supination of Forearm
77
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexion of hand (@wrist) Radial Deviation or abduction Slight pronation and flexion of frearm Median N
78
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Flexion of Hand @ Wrist Ulnar deviation (adduction) Ulnar N Slight flexion of forearm Humeral Head: Ulnar Head: Inserts @ Pisiform and hook of hamate Originates: Medial epicondyle of huerus and olecranon of ulnar (ulnar head)
79
Palmaris Longus
Median N Inserts at Palm O at medial epicondyle Flexion of Hand at wrist (radio carpal joint) Slight flexion of forearm Slight pronation of forearm wrinkles skin of palm to create stronger grip
80
What is the wrist joint called?
Radiocarpal joint
81
What is the elbow called?
Humeroulnar joint
82
Extensor carpi radialis longus
``` Radial N Extension of the hand (@wrist) Radial Deviation (abduction) slight flexion of forearm slight pronation of forearm ```
83
Extensory Carpi Radialis Brevis
Extension of the hand @ wrist Radial deviation Slight Flexion (Extension)? of forearm
84
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Extends hand @ wrist joint Ulnar Deviation Slight extension of forearm Radial N
85
Which important sensory nerve of the hand does the anatomical snuffbox contain?
Radial Nerve
86
Flexor Digitorum Profundus is innervation by what nerve?
``` Ulnar nerve (Medial components) Median N (Lateral Components) ```
87
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis does what?
Only Flexes @ PIPS | terminates into a V split at middle Phalanges
88
Abductor pollicis longus is innervated by which nerve?
Radial N
89
Extensory Pollicis Brevis vs Longus
Longus goes to dital- brevis goes to proximal Brevis - extends @ MCP and CMC Longus- Extends @ MCP and IP because distal
90
What is the sliding fillament theory?
Muscle contraction is a repetetive cycle of cross bridge formation (actin/myosin binding and muscle shortening) Occurs in the presence of elevated Ca 2+ and requires ATp Z disks move closer together an I/H bands become smaller
91
Explain the structure of muscle
``` Periosteum lines surface of bone Epimysium encases muscle Fasicle is a bundle of muscle fibres Perimysium encases the fascicle Endomysium covers muscle fibre Myofibre is the cell Myofibrils are repeating units of sarcomeres Sarcomeres have thick and thin filaments ``` I Band: hexagonal array of Actin H Band: Thick gilaments- myosin Overlap is the site of cross bridge formation
92
What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?
The system depends on Ca 2+ in order for muscle contraction to occur. Ca is released in response to nueral stimulation As calcium binds to Troponin, the tropomyosin is pulled away allowing myosin to bind
93
What is troponin?
Region for calcium Binding
94
What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
To store calcium in order to stop muscle contraction
95
Excitation/ Contraction coupling
linking nervous system activation to muscle contraction
96
What is another name for spongey bone?
Trabecular bone
97
What is another name for compact bone?
Cortical bone
98
Osteoclasts
Reabsorb bone
99
Osteoblasts
Build bone
100
Another name for stem cells
Osteogenic cells
101
What is bone composed of?
2% bone cells | 98% matrix (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, etc)
102
Sliding filament theory (Short Answer)
Myofibris are divided lengthwise into sections called sarcomeres Sarcomeres contain 2 strands of proteins (myofilaments) called Actin and Myosin Sarcomeres contain thin filaments (actin strands) and tick filaments (myosin strands) Each sarcomere is separated by a Z line (border of thin filaments) As muscles contract Z lines come closer together Tropomyosin and Troponin block actin from binding to myosin in resting state (which are removed with ATP (chemical energy) and Ca 2+ when contracting)
103
Sliding filament theory (Short Answer)
Myofibris are divided lengthwise into sections called sarcomeres Sarcomeres contain 2 strands of proteins (myofilaments) called Actin and Myosin Sarcomeres contain thin filaments (actin strands) and tick filaments (myosin strands) Each sarcomere is separated by a Z line (border of thin filaments) As muscles contract Z lines come closer together Tropomyosin and Troponin block actin from binding to myosin in resting state (which are removed with ATP (chemical energy) and Ca 2+ (binds to troponin) when contracting) but when these are removed actin and myosin bind actin and myosin binding causes contraction (shape change) ADP and phosphate unbind with myosin and ATP then binds and causes myosin to realse from the actin and muscle to release
104
What is the rigor mortis a result of?
lack of ATP causes ADP and phosphate to remain bound to myosin and myosin to actin (contraction)
105
as long as ____ is present cross bridges will continue to form
ATP ( it buys off troponin and tropomyosin with Ca and ATP) allows binding

OT Anatomy (6 decks)

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