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1
Q

Vertebral Arteries

A

Give rise to basilar arteries which supply the brainstem
Also supply the Posterior cerebral arteries which supply the medial and inferior surfaces of the temporal and occipital lobes as well as the thalamus and hypothalamus

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2
Q

Middle Cerebral arteries (MCA)

A

supply lateral surface of temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes as well as inferior surface of part of frontal and temporal lobes

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3
Q

Anterior cerebral arteries

A

superior, lateral and medial surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes- give arterial supply to basal ganglia and corpus callosum

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4
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Concentration, executive function, problem solve. Personality and Behaviour and also regulates motor activity (motor planning).

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5
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Integrates sensory information. Perception of touch, pain, proprioception. Spatial orientation and perception of self and environmen

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6
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Processing of auditory information. Perception of language. also contains the limbic system - learning, memory and emotion.

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7
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe

A

Receives and processes visual information.

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8
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Learning, memory, emotion

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9
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Control of motor coordination, involved in motor learning, Language and some cognitive abilities.

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10
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Many intracortical connections and functions, role in stereotypic and automated movement patterns

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11
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

Balance and equilibrium, arousal, efferent pathways, ventilatory control centres, cardiac control centres

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12
Q

What is the specialization of the Left hemisphere?

A

Interpretation and production of symbolic information:Language Mathematics Abstraction Logic and Reasoning Memory here is stored in: Language format(Language centers are in the Left parietal & temporal lobes)

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13
Q

What is the specialization of the R hemisphere?

A

Processing multi-sensory information Visual-spatial relationships Memory here is stored in: Auditory Visual and Spatial formats Intuition, creativity, emotion Musical ability Finding one’s way

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14
Q

Label the circle of willis- Which arteries are the main supply?

A

Vertebral and Internal carotid arteries

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15
Q

Internal carotid becomes the

A

MCA and ACA

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16
Q

Vertebral artery becomes the

A

PCA and basilar

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17
Q

Why is the circle of willis considered protective?

A

Because it takes a large decrease in blood flow for symptoms to arise due to its collateral nature

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18
Q

Where is grey and white matter in the brain? What about the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter on outside white on inside in brain

Grey on inside white on outside in spinal cord

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19
Q

Grey matter in the brain is made up of____ white matter is ____

A

grey neurons

white axons

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20
Q

What are gyri and sulci

A

Gyri is hills sulci is valleys

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21
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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22
Q

Somatosensory association area?

A

Rest of parietal lobe (after post central gyrus)

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23
Q

Where is brocas area? Wernickes?

A

Frontal lobe (inferior) inferior frontal gyrus
Wernickes is posterior superior temporal
superior temporal gyrus

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24
Q

Where is the insular cortex location?

A

Underneath the frontal/parietal lobes/ temporal- basically underneath lateral fissure

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25
Commissural, association and Projection fibres
comissural between hemispheres association between lobes but within hemispheres projection fibres - different part of CNS (internal Capsule)
26
Internal capsule
white tracts between parts of brain- projects fibres to different parts of CNS
27
The forebrain splits into the
Diencephalon and Telencephalon (cerebrum (lobes) and deep structures)
28
What are the parts of the hindbrain?
Cerebellum, pons, medulla
29
The thalamus is main relay site- why
because all sensory except olfaction relays at thalamus cerebellum and basal ganglia project tot he thalamus thalamus projects to all cortical lobes
30
What tracts originate in the precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)
corticospinal and corticobulbar
31
Primary motor cortex
site for all voluntery/conscious movement commands
32
Premotor cortex
organization of complex movements | lesion here leads to apraxia -motor planning difficulties
33
Supplementary motor area
inside longitudinal fissure bilateral control of posture bilateral coordination lesion leads to apraxia or poor posture (although may compensate)
34
Somatosensory cortex
detection of incoming sensory info sensory homunculus discrimination of shape, texture, size
35
Secondary sensory cortex
Interpretation of information gives meaning to incoming sensory inout lesion gives rise to agnosias or tactile agnosias
36
Brocas area equivalent in R hemisphere is responsible for
producting non verbal communication- emotion and voice
37
Wernickes equivalent on R is
interpretation of non verbal signals
38
thalamus processing some
emotional and memory info mostly projects information- relay info to the cerebral cortex cerebral cortex tells thalamus what info to relay- creates selective attention
39
What is the function of the hypothalamus
keeps us alive | blood pressure and heart regulation, respiratory, apetitie thirst sleep endocrine control
40
Pineal gland
melatonin/ circadian rhythms
41
Thalamic syndrome
if blood suppply cut off then hemiparalysis occurs loss of sensation on contralateral side bruning pain weeks later
42
prefrontal association area is largely involved in
cognitive intelligence
43
What is the functional section of the cerebellum called?
Spinocerebellum | corrects gross muscle movement
44
Damage to the cerebellum causes
difficulty coordinating movement
45
Why does the cerebellum play a role in motor learning?
because it receives an efference copy and extensive somatosensory info
46
Cerebellum and basal ganglia communicate with motor areas via sepcific nucleus of the
thalamus
47
the cerebellum has what percent of the entire brains neurons?
50%
48
Cerebellum is the ____ and ___ of movement
coordinator and predictor
49
What is the function of the cerebeullum
maintains posture and balance coordinates voluntary movements role in motor learning cognitive functions
50
the middle peduncle of the cerebellum is
lateral
51
peduncles are
input and output tracts
52
Where is the vestibulocerebellum located?
the fllocularnodular lobe equillibrium receives vestibular and visual info influences eye movements and postural control
53
Spinocerebellum
gross motor movement | input from dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tract
54
cerebrocerebellum
controls the movement of distal limbs | input from corticopontine tracts
55
climbing fibres and mossy fibres
these are types of fibres that enter the cerebellum mossy is somatosensory, arousal, equillibrium etc climbing are info about motor errors
56
What does cerebellum project to?
thalamus brain stem motor plan is sent to brainstem and then relayed to cerebellum
57
cerebellum controls and receives output from
ipsilateral side SAME SIDE
58
cerebellar outputs come from
deep nuclei- damaging these is like a complete lesion ot cerebellum
59
arbor vitae
tree of life- cool structure of cerebellum
60
What is the Straitum
Putamen and caudate
61
What is the letiform nucleus
globus pallidus and putamen
62
Globus pallidus internal segment is
output
63
What tracts terminate in the post central gyrus?
dorsal column/ spinothalamic tract
64
what is the function of the insular cortex?
balance, monitoring internal state
65
What lobe do personality changes occur in?
frontal lobe
66
Damage to what lobe causes left neglect?
parietal
67
Draw and label the circle of willis
vertebral arteries give rise to basilar then to PCA to internal carotid to ACA etc
68
What is an anastemosis?
there is more thna one route for the blood to take
69
Why are MCA stroke more damaging?
Because MCa provides bloos flow to a larger area (lateral of all lobes)
70
What is the falx Cerebri?
separates two hemispheres of the brain (flap down longitudinal fissure of brain )
71
Tentorium cerebelli
flap of dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobes
72
What is the structure that holds the two thalami together called?
interthalamic adhesion
73
Does the basal ganglia have a direct connection to the spinal cord?
No but cerebellum does ( spinocerebellar tract) | Basal ganglia does have connection to brainstem though
74
What structures make up the basal ganglia?
``` Caudate nuclues putamen globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus substantia negra ```
75
Pars compacta secretes dopamine- what structure is
substantia nigra ( in midbrain - dark tissue)
76
Basal ganglia
influence the timing and sequencing of movement | considered a re-entrant circuit (circuit loops back onto itself)- via cortex signals can re enter into the spinal cord
77
What parts of the basal ganglia are input and which are output?
Input is caudate and putamne, output is globus internus and substantia nigra
78
What parts of the basal ganglia are input and which are output?
Input is caudate and putamne, output is globus internal and substantia nigra

OT Anatomy (6 decks)

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