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OT Anatomy > OSPE > Flashcards

OSPE Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral Arteries

A

Give rise to basilar arteries which supply the brainstem
Also supply the Posterior cerebral arteries which supply the medial and inferior surfaces of the temporal and occipital lobes as well as the thalamus and hypothalamus

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2
Q

Middle Cerebral arteries (MCA)

A

supply lateral surface of temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes as well as inferior surface of part of frontal and temporal lobes

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3
Q

Anterior cerebral arteries

A

superior, lateral and medial surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes- give arterial supply to basal ganglia and corpus callosum

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4
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Concentration, executive function, problem solve. Personality and Behaviour and also regulates motor activity (motor planning).

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5
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Integrates sensory information. Perception of touch, pain, proprioception. Spatial orientation and perception of self and environmen

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6
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Processing of auditory information. Perception of language. also contains the limbic system - learning, memory and emotion.

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7
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe

A

Receives and processes visual information.

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8
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Learning, memory, emotion

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9
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Control of motor coordination, involved in motor learning, Language and some cognitive abilities.

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10
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Many intracortical connections and functions, role in stereotypic and automated movement patterns

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11
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

Balance and equilibrium, arousal, efferent pathways, ventilatory control centres, cardiac control centres

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12
Q

What is the specialization of the Left hemisphere?

A

Interpretation and production of symbolic information:Language Mathematics Abstraction Logic and Reasoning Memory here is stored in: Language format(Language centers are in the Left parietal & temporal lobes)

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13
Q

What is the specialization of the R hemisphere?

A

Processing multi-sensory information Visual-spatial relationships Memory here is stored in: Auditory Visual and Spatial formats Intuition, creativity, emotion Musical ability Finding one’s way

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14
Q

Label the circle of willis- Which arteries are the main supply?

A

Vertebral and Internal carotid arteries

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15
Q

Internal carotid becomes the

A

MCA and ACA

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16
Q

Vertebral artery becomes the

A

PCA and basilar

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17
Q

Why is the circle of willis considered protective?

A

Because it takes a large decrease in blood flow for symptoms to arise due to its collateral nature

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18
Q

Where is grey and white matter in the brain? What about the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter on outside white on inside in brain

Grey on inside white on outside in spinal cord

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19
Q

Grey matter in the brain is made up of____ white matter is ____

A

grey neurons

white axons

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20
Q

What are gyri and sulci

A

Gyri is hills sulci is valleys

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21
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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22
Q

Somatosensory association area?

A

Rest of parietal lobe (after post central gyrus)

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23
Q

Where is brocas area? Wernickes?

A

Frontal lobe (inferior) inferior frontal gyrus
Wernickes is posterior superior temporal
superior temporal gyrus

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24
Q

Where is the insular cortex location?

A

Underneath the frontal/parietal lobes/ temporal- basically underneath lateral fissure

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25
Q

Commissural, association and Projection fibres

A

comissural between hemispheres
association between lobes but within hemispheres
projection fibres - different part of CNS (internal Capsule)

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26
Q

Internal capsule

A

white tracts between parts of brain- projects fibres to different parts of CNS

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27
Q

The forebrain splits into the

A

Diencephalon and Telencephalon (cerebrum (lobes) and deep structures)

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28
Q

What are the parts of the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum, pons, medulla

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29
Q

The thalamus is main relay site- why

A

because all sensory except olfaction relays at thalamus
cerebellum and basal ganglia project tot he thalamus
thalamus projects to all cortical lobes

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30
Q

What tracts originate in the precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar

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31
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

site for all voluntery/conscious movement commands

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32
Q

Premotor cortex

A

organization of complex movements

lesion here leads to apraxia -motor planning difficulties

33
Q

Supplementary motor area

A

inside longitudinal fissure
bilateral control of posture
bilateral coordination
lesion leads to apraxia or poor posture (although may compensate)

34
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

detection of incoming sensory info
sensory homunculus
discrimination of shape, texture, size

35
Q

Secondary sensory cortex

A

Interpretation of information
gives meaning to incoming sensory inout
lesion gives rise to agnosias or tactile agnosias

36
Q

Brocas area equivalent in R hemisphere is responsible for

A

producting non verbal communication- emotion and voice

37
Q

Wernickes equivalent on R is

A

interpretation of non verbal signals

38
Q

thalamus processing some

A

emotional and memory info
mostly projects information- relay info to the cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex tells thalamus what info to relay- creates selective attention

39
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

keeps us alive

blood pressure and heart regulation, respiratory, apetitie thirst sleep endocrine control

40
Q

Pineal gland

A

melatonin/ circadian rhythms

41
Q

Thalamic syndrome

A

if blood suppply cut off then hemiparalysis occurs
loss of sensation on contralateral side
bruning pain weeks later

42
Q

prefrontal association area is largely involved in

A

cognitive intelligence

43
Q

What is the functional section of the cerebellum called?

A

Spinocerebellum

corrects gross muscle movement

44
Q

Damage to the cerebellum causes

A

difficulty coordinating movement

45
Q

Why does the cerebellum play a role in motor learning?

A

because it receives an efference copy and extensive somatosensory info

46
Q

Cerebellum and basal ganglia communicate with motor areas via sepcific nucleus of the

A

thalamus

47
Q

the cerebellum has what percent of the entire brains neurons?

A

50%

48
Q

Cerebellum is the ____ and ___ of movement

A

coordinator and predictor

49
Q

What is the function of the cerebeullum

A

maintains posture and balance
coordinates voluntary movements
role in motor learning
cognitive functions

50
Q

the middle peduncle of the cerebellum is

A

lateral

51
Q

peduncles are

A

input and output tracts

52
Q

Where is the vestibulocerebellum located?

A

the fllocularnodular lobe
equillibrium
receives vestibular and visual info
influences eye movements and postural control

53
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

gross motor movement

input from dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tract

54
Q

cerebrocerebellum

A

controls the movement of distal limbs

input from corticopontine tracts

55
Q

climbing fibres and mossy fibres

A

these are types of fibres that enter the cerebellum
mossy is somatosensory, arousal, equillibrium etc

climbing are info about motor errors

56
Q

What does cerebellum project to?

A

thalamus
brain stem

motor plan is sent to brainstem and then relayed to cerebellum

57
Q

cerebellum controls and receives output from

A

ipsilateral side SAME SIDE

58
Q

cerebellar outputs come from

A

deep nuclei- damaging these is like a complete lesion ot cerebellum

59
Q

arbor vitae

A

tree of life- cool structure of cerebellum

60
Q

What is the Straitum

A

Putamen and caudate

61
Q

What is the letiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus and putamen

62
Q

Globus pallidus internal segment is

A

output

63
Q

What tracts terminate in the post central gyrus?

A

dorsal column/ spinothalamic tract

64
Q

what is the function of the insular cortex?

A

balance, monitoring internal state

65
Q

What lobe do personality changes occur in?

A

frontal lobe

66
Q

Damage to what lobe causes left neglect?

A

parietal

67
Q

Draw and label the circle of willis

A

vertebral arteries give rise to basilar then to PCA to internal carotid to ACA etc

68
Q

What is an anastemosis?

A

there is more thna one route for the blood to take

69
Q

Why are MCA stroke more damaging?

A

Because MCa provides bloos flow to a larger area (lateral of all lobes)

70
Q

What is the falx Cerebri?

A

separates two hemispheres of the brain (flap down longitudinal fissure of brain )

71
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

flap of dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobes

72
Q

What is the structure that holds the two thalami together called?

A

interthalamic adhesion

73
Q

Does the basal ganglia have a direct connection to the spinal cord?

A

No but cerebellum does ( spinocerebellar tract)

Basal ganglia does have connection to brainstem though

74
Q

What structures make up the basal ganglia?

A 
Caudate nuclues
putamen
globus pallidus 
subthalamic nucleus 
substantia negra
75
Q

Pars compacta secretes dopamine- what structure is

A

substantia nigra ( in midbrain - dark tissue)

76
Q

Basal ganglia

A

influence the timing and sequencing of movement

considered a re-entrant circuit (circuit loops back onto itself)- via cortex signals can re enter into the spinal cord

77
Q

What parts of the basal ganglia are input and which are output?

A

Input is caudate and putamne, output is globus internus and substantia nigra

78
Q

What parts of the basal ganglia are input and which are output?

A

Input is caudate and putamne, output is globus internal and substantia nigra

OT Anatomy (6 decks)

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