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Social Psych Flashcards

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GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

attribution theory

A

the theory that we tend to explain the behavior of others as an aspect of either an internal disposition (an inner trait) or the situation

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2
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal dispositions rather than to situations

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3
Q

self-serving basis

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

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4
Q

attitude

A

the belief and feeling that predisposes someone to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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5
Q

foot in the door phenomenon

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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6
Q

role

A

a set of expectations in a social setting that define how one ought to behave

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7
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

1972

research focuses on heroism, cult behavior, a shyness most famous for stamford prison study

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8
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent

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9
Q

emotion

A

conscious experience, physiological arousal, expressive behaviors

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10
Q

social psychology

A

studying the way people relate to others

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11
Q

attitudes

A

a set of beliefs and feelings that predisposes one to respond in a particular way
effected by external influences

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12
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them
the more time you are exposed to something, your feelings toward it will increase and become more positive

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13
Q

door in the face phenomenon

A

The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, much like a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader’s face.

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14
Q

conformity

A

adjusting behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
increases when
-you feel incompetent or insecure,
-you are in a group of three or more
-the rest of the group is unanimous
-impressed by the status of the group
-made no prior commitment to a response
-observers by others in the group
-culture encourages respect for social standards
—- elevator experiment, line experiment

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15
Q

Soloman Asch

A

1907-96

social psychologist who researched the circumstances under which people conform

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16
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

1933-84
social psychologist who researched obedience to authority
ordinary people who are not usually hostile can become agents of destruction
- voltage experiment
- 65% of the participants obeyed

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17
Q

obedience

A

the tendency to comply with orders, implied or real, from someone perceived as an authority

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18
Q

social facilitation

A

improved performance on tasks in the presence of others

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19
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

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20
Q

deindividualition

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
losing sense of self which leads to mobs and rioting

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21
Q

group polarization

A

enhancement of a group’s already existing attitudes through discussion within the group

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22
Q

groupthink

A

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of the alternatives

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23
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

when we believe something to be true about others (or ourselves) and we act in ways that cause this belief to come true

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24
Q

stereotype

A

overgeneralized idea about a group of people

mental shortcut

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25
Q

prejudice

A

undeserved (usually negative) attitude towards a group of people

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26
Q

discrimination

A

an action based on a prejudice

27
Q

scapegoat theory

A

prejudice offering an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
leads to prejudice

28
Q

categorization

A

helps differentiate things to understand the world in a different way
easier to process information
leads to prejudice

29
Q

just world phenomenon

A

karma, the world is just
leads to creating prejudice
people get what they deserve

30
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a prediction that causes itself to be true
if you think something is going to happen, it will happen
(if you think you’re gonna do badly on a test you most likely will)

31
Q

pygmalion effect

A

when you have a belief that you will do better, that belief comes true
a prediction that a group of people will do better, that will come true
- In the classroom

POSITIVE

32
Q

Golem Effect

A

those who have a belief they will do poorly, will do poorly
- in the classroom
NEGATIVE

33
Q

contact theory

A

contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity if they are made to work towards a superordinate goal

34
Q

superordinate goal

A

going beyond something that just benefits you or your group, you’re doing something that benefits everyone involved
breaks down biases and stereotypes, avoids prejudice

35
Q

attraction

A
  1. physical attractiveness predicts dating frequency (they date more)
    - perceived as healthier, happier, more honest, and successful than less attractive counterparts
  2. similarity
    - opposites do not attract
    - same feather flock together
    - breeds content
  3. Proximity
    - geographic nearness
    - repeated exposure to something breeds liking
  4. reciprocal liking
    - you are more likely to like someone who likes you
36
Q

social facilitation

A

improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
if you are really good at something, or it is an easy task, you will perform better in front of a group
increases psychological arousal

37
Q

social impairment

A

if it is a difficult task or you are not good at it, you will perform worse in front of a group

38
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling effort toward a common goal than in they were individually accountable

39
Q

learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience

40
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to cause a response

41
Q

stimulus

A

anything in the environment that one can respond to

42
Q

response

A

any behavior or action

43
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that triggers a response reflexively and automatically

44
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

an automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus

45
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a previous neutral stimulus that, through learned, gains the power to cause a response

46
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

the response to the conditioned stimulus

47
Q

acquisition

A

the process of developing a learned response

48
Q

extinction

A

diminishing of a learned response after repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone in classical conditioning

49
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

1849-1936
russian physiologist and learning the theorist famous for the discovery of classical conditioning, in which learning occurs through association

50
Q

generalization

A

producing the same response to two similar stimuli

51
Q

discrimination

A

the ability to distinguish between two signals or stimuli and produce different responses

52
Q

behaviorism

A

the theory that psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes

53
Q

John B. Watson

A

1878-1958
founder of behaviorism, the theory that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes

54
Q

cognition

A

all mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering

55
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

1940
developed, along with colleague Allan Wagner, a theory that emphasized the importance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning

56
Q

social norms

A

regulations in society

- inhibitory anxiety (superego) that ordinarily prevents us from breaking them

57
Q

Freud

A

broke personality into ego, superego, and Id
Id - the part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest, underlying innate aggressive behaviors (devil)
ego - executive function, how can i push down aggressive behavior and balance between how i feel i should act and my superego
superego - angel, what you should do, social norms

id is always fighting against superego

58
Q

in-group bias

A

tendency to favor our own group

align ourselves with people who are similar to ourselves

59
Q

amygdala

A

in this area chronic stress increases neural connections

60
Q

hippocampus

A

in the area neurogenesis decreases

inhibits stress response from occurring

61
Q

stress

A

bad for you if you believe it is bad for you

62
Q

james lange

A

body over mind

63
Q

cannon bard

A

reacts before processing, heart beating because in love, heart beating because sacred

64
Q

two factor

A

arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it
considers surroundings
arousal happens, then you think

Psych (6 decks)

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