Social Psych

Question 1

attribution theory

Answer 1

the theory that we tend to explain the behavior of others as an aspect of either an internal disposition (an inner trait) or the situation

Question 2

fundamental attribution error

Answer 2

the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal dispositions rather than to situations

Question 3

self-serving basis

Answer 3

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Question 4

attitude

Answer 4

the belief and feeling that predisposes someone to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Question 5

foot in the door phenomenon

Answer 5

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Question 6

role

Answer 6

a set of expectations in a social setting that define how one ought to behave

Question 7

Philip Zimbardo

Answer 7

1972

research focuses on heroism, cult behavior, a shyness most famous for stamford prison study

Question 8

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 8

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent

Question 9

emotion

Answer 9

conscious experience, physiological arousal, expressive behaviors

Question 10

social psychology

Answer 10

studying the way people relate to others

Question 11

attitudes

Answer 11

a set of beliefs and feelings that predisposes one to respond in a particular way
effected by external influences

Question 12

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 12

psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them
the more time you are exposed to something, your feelings toward it will increase and become more positive

Question 13

door in the face phenomenon

Answer 13

The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, much like a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader’s face.

Question 14

conformity

Answer 14

adjusting behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
increases when
-you feel incompetent or insecure,
-you are in a group of three or more
-the rest of the group is unanimous
-impressed by the status of the group
-made no prior commitment to a response
-observers by others in the group
-culture encourages respect for social standards
—- elevator experiment, line experiment

Question 15

Soloman Asch

Answer 15

1907-96

social psychologist who researched the circumstances under which people conform

Question 16

Stanley Milgram

Answer 16

1933-84
social psychologist who researched obedience to authority
ordinary people who are not usually hostile can become agents of destruction
- voltage experiment
- 65% of the participants obeyed

Question 17

obedience

Answer 17

the tendency to comply with orders, implied or real, from someone perceived as an authority

Question 18

social facilitation

Answer 18

improved performance on tasks in the presence of others

Question 19

social loafing

Answer 19

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Question 20

deindividualition

Answer 20

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
losing sense of self which leads to mobs and rioting

Question 21

group polarization

Answer 21

enhancement of a group’s already existing attitudes through discussion within the group

Question 22

groupthink

Answer 22

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of the alternatives

Question 23

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 23

when we believe something to be true about others (or ourselves) and we act in ways that cause this belief to come true

Question 24

stereotype

Answer 24

overgeneralized idea about a group of people

mental shortcut

Question 25

prejudice

Answer 25

undeserved (usually negative) attitude towards a group of people

Question 26

discrimination

Answer 26

an action based on a prejudice

Question 27

scapegoat theory

Answer 27

prejudice offering an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame leads to prejudice

Question 28

categorization

Answer 28

helps differentiate things to understand the world in a different way easier to process information leads to prejudice

Question 29

just world phenomenon

Answer 29

karma, the world is just leads to creating prejudice people get what they deserve

Question 30

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 30

a prediction that causes itself to be true if you think something is going to happen, it will happen (if you think you're gonna do badly on a test you most likely will)

Question 31

pygmalion effect

Answer 31

when you have a belief that you will do better, that belief comes true a prediction that a group of people will do better, that will come true - In the classroom POSITIVE

Question 32

Golem Effect

Answer 32

those who have a belief they will do poorly, will do poorly - in the classroom NEGATIVE

Question 33

contact theory

Answer 33

contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity if they are made to work towards a superordinate goal

Question 34

superordinate goal

Answer 34

going beyond something that just benefits you or your group, you're doing something that benefits everyone involved breaks down biases and stereotypes, avoids prejudice

Question 35

attraction

Answer 35

1. physical attractiveness predicts dating frequency (they date more) - perceived as healthier, happier, more honest, and successful than less attractive counterparts 2. similarity - opposites do not attract - same feather flock together - breeds content 3. Proximity - geographic nearness - repeated exposure to something breeds liking 4. reciprocal liking - you are more likely to like someone who likes you

Question 36

social facilitation

Answer 36

improved performance on tasks in the presence of others if you are really good at something, or it is an easy task, you will perform better in front of a group increases psychological arousal

Question 37

social impairment

Answer 37

if it is a difficult task or you are not good at it, you will perform worse in front of a group

Question 38

social loafing

Answer 38

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling effort toward a common goal than in they were individually accountable

Question 39

learning

Answer 39

a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience

Question 40

classical conditioning

Answer 40

a type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to cause a response

Question 41

stimulus

Answer 41

anything in the environment that one can respond to

Question 42

response

Answer 42

any behavior or action

Question 43

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 43

a stimulus that triggers a response reflexively and automatically

Question 44

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 44

an automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 45

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 45

a previous neutral stimulus that, through learned, gains the power to cause a response

Question 46

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 46

the response to the conditioned stimulus

Question 47

acquisition

Answer 47

the process of developing a learned response

Question 48

extinction

Answer 48

diminishing of a learned response after repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone in classical conditioning

Question 49

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 49

1849-1936 russian physiologist and learning the theorist famous for the discovery of classical conditioning, in which learning occurs through association

Question 50

generalization

Answer 50

producing the same response to two similar stimuli

Question 51

discrimination

Answer 51

the ability to distinguish between two signals or stimuli and produce different responses

Question 52

behaviorism

Answer 52

the theory that psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes

Question 53

John B. Watson

Answer 53

1878-1958 founder of behaviorism, the theory that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes

Question 54

cognition

Answer 54

all mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering

Question 55

Robert Rescorla

Answer 55

1940 developed, along with colleague Allan Wagner, a theory that emphasized the importance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning

Question 56

social norms

Answer 56

regulations in society | - inhibitory anxiety (superego) that ordinarily prevents us from breaking them

Question 57

Freud

Answer 57

broke personality into ego, superego, and Id Id - the part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest, underlying innate aggressive behaviors (devil) ego - executive function, how can i push down aggressive behavior and balance between how i feel i should act and my superego superego - angel, what you should do, social norms id is always fighting against superego

Question 58

in-group bias

Answer 58

tendency to favor our own group | align ourselves with people who are similar to ourselves

Question 59

amygdala

Answer 59

in this area chronic stress increases neural connections

Question 60

hippocampus

Answer 60

in the area neurogenesis decreases | inhibits stress response from occurring

Question 61

stress

Answer 61

bad for you if you believe it is bad for you

Question 62

james lange

Answer 62

body over mind

Question 63

cannon bard

Answer 63

reacts before processing, heart beating because in love, heart beating because sacred

Question 64

two factor

Answer 64

arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it considers surroundings arousal happens, then you think