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Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Prenatal

A

before birth

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2
Q

Prenatal stage

A

starts are conception ends at birth

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3
Q

zygote

A

newly fertilized egg

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4
Q

genes

A

biochemical units of heredity

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5
Q

embryo

A

developing human organism from about 2 weeks to after fertilization through the end of the eighth week
noticeable heartbeat
red blood cells produced by liver
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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6
Q

fetus

A

developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
receives oxygen and nutrients from placenta

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7
Q

placenta

A

cushion of cells that also screen out some substances that could harm the fetus

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8
Q

teratogens

A

substances that cross the placental barrier and prevent the fetus from developing normally

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9
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities that appear in children whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while pregnant

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10
Q

rooting reflex

A

a baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek to open the mouth and search for breastfeeding

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11
Q

temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional excitability

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12
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
biologically driven
you cannot walk until your body is in the right proportions

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13
Q

toddler

A

1-3

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14
Q

developmental psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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15
Q

cognition

A

all mental processes associated with thinking, knowing , and remembering

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16
Q

schemas

A

concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information

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17
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting new experience in terms of existing schemas

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18
Q

accommodation

A

adapting current schemas to incorporate new information

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19
Q

John Piaget

A

developmental psychology

introduced a stage theory of cognitive development that led to a better understanding of children’s thought processes

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20
Q

sensorimotor

A

0-2
experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing, and grasping)
- object permanence: if you don’t see the object its not there

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21
Q

pre-operational

A 
2-6/7
representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning
- pretend play
- egocentrism 
- language development
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22
Q

concrete operational

A 
6/7-11
thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
- conservation 
- mathematical transformations
- logical thinking
- abstract reasoning
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23
Q

formal operational

A

12- adulthood
abstract reasoning
- abstract logic
- potential for mature moral reasoning

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24
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when you cannot see or hear them

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25
Q

conservation

A

properties such as mass, volume, and numbers remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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26
Q

egocentrism

A

inability to consider another’s point of view

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27
Q

development

A

environment effecting you
nothing to do with how biologically driven you are
includes experiences

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28
Q

stranger anxiety

A

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

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29
Q

attachment

A

the emotional tie with another person shown by seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

  • body contact
  • familiarity
  • responsiveness
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30
Q

critical period

A

the optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain experiences produces proper development

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31
Q

imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period early in life

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32
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

1903-1989

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting

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33
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

a style of parenting marked by imposing rules and expecting obedience

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34
Q

permissive parenting

A

a style of parenting marked by submitting to children’s desires, making few demands, and using little punishment

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35
Q

authoritative parenting

A

a style of parenting marked by making demands on the child, being responsive, setting and enforcing rules, and discussing the reasons behind the rules

36
Q

neural network

A

neurons in the brain connect with one another to form networks
brain learns by modifying certain connections in response to feedback (specific skills develop)

37
Q

reflexes

A

automatic unlearned responses

38
Q

adolescence

A

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

39
Q

puberty

A

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

40
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

the reproductive organs - ovaries, testes, and external genitalia
anything that necessary for having a child

41
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

nonproductive sexual characteristics, such as breast and hip development in females and voice quality and facial hair in males
not necessary for having a child

42
Q

sexual orientation

A

enduring sexual attraction toward people of the other gender (heterosexuality) or one’s own gender (homosexuality)

43
Q

morality

A

a sense of right and wrong

44
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

1927-87

created a three-stage theory or moral development

45
Q

pre conventional moral reasoning

A

characterized by a desire to avoid punishment or gain reward

46
Q

conventional moral reasoning

A

fit in and play the role of a good citizen

47
Q

post conventional moral reasoning

A

characterized by references to universal ethical principles that represent the rights or obligations of all people

48
Q

Erik Erikson

A

1902-94

created an eight stage theory of social development

49
Q

infancy

A

age: 0-1
issues: trust vs mistrust
task: if needs are dependably met, they develop a sense of basic trust

50
Q

toddler

A

age: 1-3
issues: autonomy vs shame and doubt
task: learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

51
Q

preschooler

A

age: 3-6
issues: initiative v guilt (external)
task: learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent, feeling guilty that they don’t need their parents or care givers anymore

52
Q

elementary school

A

age: 6-puberty
issues: industry v inferiority
task: learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

53
Q

adolescence

A

age: teen-20s
issues: identity v role confusion
task: work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are, see the world differently

54
Q

young adulthood

A

age: 20s-40s
issues: intimacy v isolation
task: struggle to form close relationships and to gan the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

55
Q

middle adulthood

A

age: 40s-60s
issues: generativity v stagnation
task: discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family an work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

56
Q

late adulthood

A

age: late 60s-older
issues: integrity v despair
task: when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

57
Q

identity

A

one’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent;s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

58
Q

synaptic pruning

A

connections that are used become strengthened, while the unused ones are eliminated

59
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

60
Q

instinct

A

a complex, inherited behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

61
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

the idea that psychological need creates a state of tension (a drive) that motives an organism to satisfy the need

62
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

the theory that a degree of psychological arousal helps performance but only to a point

63
Q

homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

64
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment

65
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective

66
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with psychological needs that must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

67
Q

self-actualization

A

according to Maslow, an ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met, and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to realize our full and unique potential

68
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

1908-70
humanistic psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs, with self-actualization as one of the ultimate psychological needs

69
Q

Henry Murray

A

1893-88
Neo-Freudian who first established the concept of achievement motivation and developed important personality testing tools

70
Q

achievement motivation

A

a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; and for attaining a high standard

71
Q

experimentation

A

differentiation between your beliefs and parent’s beliefs

72
Q

rebellion

A

finding what you believe in in order to defend it

73
Q

optimism/ energy

A

see the world in a different light, becoming a different person, understand connection that people have together, understand life in a deeper meaning

74
Q

self-ishness

A

seeing things from your perspective, egocentric view of social and emotional situations

75
Q

motivation

A

why you do what you do, a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

76
Q

instinct theory

A

we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors

77
Q

instincts

A

an inherited complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species, natural

78
Q

optimal level of arousal

A

we are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal, driven to learn new information

79
Q

reflex

A

an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought, natural

80
Q

stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

81
Q

healthy psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that focuses on how stress affects well-being and health

82
Q

Walter Cannon

A

1871-1945
American physiologist who, with Philip Bard, concluded that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously

83
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

84
Q

Hans Selye

A

1907-82

Canadian physiologist who researched a recurring response to stress that he called the general adaptation syndrome

85
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

develops at 25

problem solving, behavioral inhibition - explains impulsive behavior and poor decision making

Psych (6 decks)

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