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Psych > Freud & Learning > Flashcards

Freud & Learning Flashcards

1
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality; also, a therapeutic technique that attempts to provide insight into thoughts and actions by exposing and interpreting the underlying unconscious motives and conflicts

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2
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

a view of personality that retains some aspects of Freudian theory but is less likely to see unresolved childhood conflicts as a source of personality development

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3
Q

personality

A

a person’s characteristic thoughts and behaviors

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4
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

founder of psychoanalysis, a controversial theory about the workings of the unconscious mind

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5
Q

free association

A

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to their mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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6
Q

conscious mind

A

the thoughts and feelings were aware of

anything you are currently aware of/ thinking about

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7
Q

preconscious

A

a region of the mind holding information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness
anything you have access to

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8
Q

unconscious

A

region of the mind that is a reservoir of most unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
stuff so far deep down in your mind you don’t even have access to it

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9
Q

id

A

consists of unconscious psychic energy and strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

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10
Q

superego

A

represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations

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11
Q

ego

A

negotiates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality
operates on the realist principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

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12
Q

defense mechanisms

A

ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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13
Q

repression

A

banishing provoking thoughts (that could reemerge dreams)

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14
Q

regression

A

moving back to a previous psychosexual stage

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15
Q

denial

A

refusing to admit that something unpleasant happened

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16
Q

reaction formation

A

making unacceptable impulses look like opposites

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17
Q

projection

A

attributing threatening impulses to others

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18
Q

rationalization

A

self-explaining things in a way that hides the behavior’s actual reason

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19
Q

displacement

A

diverting aggressive feelings to an acceptable object or person

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20
Q

psychosocial stages

A

childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on different parts of the body

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21
Q

oral

A

(1-18 months)
pleasure centers on the mouth
- sucking, biting, chewing

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22
Q

anal

A

(18-36 months)

pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder function; coping with demands for control

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23
Q

phallic

A

(3-6 years)

pleasure zone is the genitals; comping with incestuous sexual feelings

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24
Q

latency

A

(6-puberty)

dormant sexual feelings

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25
Q

genital

A

(puberty on)

maturation of sexual interests

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26
Q

learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience

27
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to cause a response

28
Q

stimulus

A

anything in the environment that one can respond to

29
Q

response

A

any behavior or action

30
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that triggers a reins reflexively and automatically

31
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

an automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus

32
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, gains the power to cause a response

33
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

the response to the conditioned stimulus

34
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian psychologist and learning theorist famous for the discovery of classical conditioning, in which learning occurs through association

35
Q

acquisition

A

the process of developing a learned response
when a behavior is being reinforced
classical: US and CS
operant: reinforcer present

36
Q

extinction

A

in classical conditioning, the diminishing of a learned response after repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone

37
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior
active

38
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

author of the law of effect, the principle that forms the basis of operant conditioning

39
Q

Law of Effect

A

behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences will occur less frequently

40
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Behavioral psychologist who developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world

41
Q

reinforcement

A

any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior

42
Q

punishment

A

any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior

43
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

a reward follows every correct response

useful for establishing new behaviors

44
Q

partial reinforcement schedule

A

a reward follows only some correct responses

45
Q

intermitten reinforcement

A

(only some of the time)

hope springs eternal and we are reluctant to give up

46
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

partial reinforcement schedule that rewards only the first correct response after some defined period

47
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

partial reinforcement schedule that rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time

48
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

partial reinforcement schedule that rewards a response only after some defined number of correct responses

49
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

partial reinforcement schedule that rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses

50
Q

short term habituation

A

decreased response after one session

51
Q

long term habituation

A

decreased response after multiple session

52
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

a delay during extinction cause responding to increase transiently

53
Q

shaping

A

reinforce almost any movement, reinforce behaviors similar to target, only reinforce behaviors that are almost identical to target behavior
reinforcement of behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired one
used to establish new behaviors
operant conditioning

54
Q

positive reinforcement

A

operant conditioning; anything increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state
add a desirable stimulus

55
Q

negative reinforcement

A

operant conditioning; anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state
removes an aversive stimulus

56
Q

primary reinforcement

A

biologically necessary for survival

naturally reinforcing/rewarding , such as food if you’re hungry, warmth if you’re cold, water if you’re thirsty

57
Q

secondary reinforcement

A

conditioned reinforcer
neutral stimulus that acquires reinforcing capabilities through pairings with a primary reinforcer
something you have learned is rewarding because it has been paired with a primary reinforcer
learned to value
money, grades, diploma

58
Q

positive punishment

A

behavior is followed by an undesirable event (kid burned by stove is less likely to touch the stove again)
administer an aversive stimulus

59
Q

negative punishment

A

behavior ends a desirable event or state (kid losing tv privileges for being mean to sister is less likely to be mean to sister again)
withdraw a desirable stimulus

60
Q

discrimination (operant conditioning)

A

ability to distinguish among similar signals or stimuli and produce responses

61
Q

extinction (operant conditioning)

A

loss of a behavior when no consequence follows it

reinforcer is no longer present

62
Q

generalization

A

you will always perform the same behavior

63
Q

reinforcer

A

something that causes a behavior to increase in frequency

64
Q

Albert Bandura

A

social reinforcement theory
strong reinforcing effects of social stimuli
role of observational learning (modeling and imitation)

Psych (6 decks)

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