Social psych 2— test #1 Flashcards
What are social norms?
The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviours, values and beliefs of its members. Can both have positive and negative affects
What is conformity?
A change in behaviour as a result of imagined or real influence of other people. (Ex/ smoke in a room and conforming when no one moved..) conformity is essentially following the social norms/imagined.
What is informational social influence?
A type of conformity. Conforming because we believe that other interpretations of an ambitious situation is more correct than ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of action—- driven by need for control, certainty and predictability.
What is private acceptance?
Conforming to other peoples behaviour out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right.
Explain the Sherif study and what it relates to ? (Light /autokenic effect)
The sherif study relates to informational social influence. It was a study on autokentic affect. Light appearing to be moving. When alone, light estimates varied widely but when in a group, the participant tended to conform to the groups estimates. Looking at ambiguous things.
What is the Asch study and what does it relate to?
Unambiguous task was judging the length of a line. When group said wrong length of line, participant tended to show high levels of conformity. Relates to informational social influence. Asch found also that once the group size reaches 4 people, adding more people had little influence on conformity.
What is normative social influence ?
A type of conformity. It is the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them. Driven by the need for connectedness, to be liked or accepted. Leads to public compliance but not necessarily private acceptance.
What is public compliance?
Conforming to other peoples behaviour publicly, without necessarily believing in what they are saying or doing.
How do you reduce conformity?
The presence of a dissenter dramatically reduces conformity. Which can include social support (someone who agrees with you) and or break consensus (someone who departs from the group norm)
What is compliance?
A change in behaviour in response to a direct request from another person.
What are several types of influence techniques for compliance?
Ingratiation, reciprocity, contrast principle and multiple requests.
What is ingratiation ?
A type of compliance technique. It involves getting the target to like them. Examples include; appear physically attractive, appear similar, impression management, flattery, compliments, smiling.
Discuss the Freedman and Fraser household products study
This study was demonstrating the power of floor in the door. They asked to look at cleaning products in home for some and others they first asked for a survey and then to look at cleaning products in a home. They found that agreement was higher with the foot in the door technique opposed to no contac or familiarity groups. Initial request shouldn’t be too simple and should be seen as voluntary.
Discuss the Cialdini et al. Zoo study
This study demonstrated a door in the face approach. Asking for a big favour and then expecting them to refuse and then after the refusal, you shift to smaller more reasonable requests. Small request in the study was can you chaperone and big request was counseling 2 hours a week for 2 years… researchers found that 50% agreed to smaller request (after large request was described first)
Discuss what low balling is .
changing the rules mid-request. Having hidden fees added on to things. Despite the fact things may have changed, you stick with your decision.
What is obedience?
Obedience is a kind of conformity in response to the commands of an authority figure.
Describe the milgram obedience studies?
Milgrams study involved participants believing that the study was on memory and punishment. Focus was really on obedience of participant. Many participants were found to have a high level of obedience. Despite the cries of the other individual.
Why the high levels of obedience ?
incremental nature of task, normative social influence, informational social influence, working for “greater good” or higher cause.
What is a group?
A collection of three or more people who interact with one another and are interdependent, in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to rely on one another.
What are the benefits of groups?
Affiliation (associate/connnect with people), achievement (goals and outcomes), identity (sense of self) and knowledge/ certainty (social norms).
What is Entitativity?
“Degree to which a collection of persons are perceived as being bonded together in a coherent unit”— whether a collection of individuals is seen as “groupy” or group like. It encompasses interconnectedness, cohesiveness, similarity, common goals, importance and physical interaction.
What does Zojancs theory of social faciliatation say?
The tendency for people to do better on simple tasks, but worse on complex tasks, when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated. This theory suggests that the presence of others is physiologically arousing.
Describe the BARTIS et al study ? And what it means? Knife.
Study to test social facilitation theory. Took a knife and asked to describe ways to use it… quantity vs. Quality. The outcome was consistent with the purposals of the social faciliation theory.. when the task is simple and there is evaluation, they do good. And they do better with no evaluation on hard tasks.
Why does the presence of others elicit arousal? (SOCIAL facilitation theory)
being in the presence of others might be .. evaluation apprehension.. we know people are judging us and assessing us and it can make us nervous and anxious. Another reason is .. the mere presence: alertness and vigilance- being around other people elicits a physicological response. Another reason is because of distraction-conflict meaning that other people can be distracting and hard to focus on task and them lol
