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Human and Society > Social Perception > Flashcards

Social Perception Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

social perception

A

a general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another

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2
Q

mind perception

A

process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animate and inanimate objects, including other people

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3
Q

first impression

A

people evaluate unconsciously and spontaneously whether a face indicates that a person is dominant / submissive and trustworthy / untrustworthy

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4
Q

physiognomy

A

the art of reading character from faces

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5
Q

effect of baby-facedness on first impressions

A

humans are evolutionarily programmed to respond gently to infantile features

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6
Q

nonverbal behavior

A

reveals a person’s feelings without words, through facial expressions, body language and vocal cues

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7
Q

disgust recognition in faces

A

in nature, food poisoning is a real danger, so it is an adaptive trait to recognize disgust in facial expressions

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8
Q

familiarity breeds accuracy

A

people are 9% more accurate at judging faces from their own ethnic group (in-group advantage)

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9
Q

central traits

A

traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions

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10
Q

information integration theory

A

impressions are based on 1) perceiver dispositions 2) a weighted average of a target person’s traits

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11
Q

implicit personality theory

A

a network of assumptions people make about the relationships among traits and behaviors

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12
Q

attribution

A

the process by which we explain people’s behavior

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13
Q

people learn about others from behavior that is:

A
  • freely chosen
  • unexpected
  • results in a small number of desirable outcomes
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14
Q

personal attribution

A

attribution to internal characteristics of an actor, such as ability, personality, mood or effort

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15
Q

situational attribution

A

attribution to factors external to an actor, such as a task, other people or luck

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16
Q

Kelley’s covariation theory (covariation principle)

A

people attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and are absent when it does not

17
Q

consensus

A

the extent to which other people behave in the same way in a similar situation
e.g. Alison smokes a cigarette when she goes out for a meal with her friend. If her friend smokes, her behavior is high in consensus. If only Alison smokes, it is low.

18
Q

distinctiveness

A

the extent to which the person behaves in the same way in similar situations
e.g. If Alison only smokes when she is out with friends, her behavior is high in distinctiveness. If she smokes at any time or place, her distinctiveness is low.

19
Q

consistency

A

the extent to which the person behaves like this every time the situation occurs
e.g. If Alison only smokes when she is out with friends, consistency is high. If she only smokes on one special occasion, consistency is low.

20
Q

correspondent inference theory

A

a model describing how people form inferences about other people’s stable personality characteristics from observing their behaviors

21
Q

cognitive heuristics

A

rules of thumb enabling us to make judgments quick (with errors)

22
Q

belief in a just world

A

individuals get what they deserve in life, an orientation that leads people to disparage victims

23
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

overestimation of the role of personal factors while underestimating situational ones

24
Q

cultural differences in attribution

A

asians are more likely than americans (collectivist vs individualist) to consider the impact of social and situational factors

25
Q

counterfactual thinking

A

tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occured but didn’t

26
Q

belief perseverance

A

tendency to maintain beliefs even after they’ve been discredited

27
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to interpret, seek and create information in ways that confirm existing beliefs; people formulate theories to support their initial ideas

28
Q

need for closure

A

desire to reduce cognitive uncertainty, which heightens the importance of first impressions

29
Q

primacy effect

A

tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions (remembered better)

30
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

process by which one’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations

31
Q

availability heuristic

A

tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind

32
Q

false consensus effect

A

tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes and behaviors

33
Q

base-rate fallacy

A

people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates

Human and Society (9 decks)

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