Cognitive Biases and Identity

Question 1

cognitive bias

Answer 1

a systematic pattern of deviation fromnormor rationality in judgment
→ stem from the need to categorize the world quickly and efficiently

Question 2

impact of cognitive biases

Answer 2

• decreased information processing based on facts and objective situations
• enforced misunderstanding and distrust

Question 3

heuristics

Answer 3

knowledge structures that we develop to describe, explain and predict the world around us

Question 4

implicit bias

Answer 4

subconscious attitudes and stereotypes that influence our understanding actions and behavior towards people who are different than us

Question 5

naive realism

Answer 5

believing that your perception of the world is unbiased; is the reality, while not accounting for the impact of your emotions and previous experiences, or identity

Question 6

stereotypes

Answer 6

a set of cognitive generalizations (e.g., beliefs, expectations) about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a group or social category

Question 7

prejudice

Answer 7

a negative attitude toward another person or group formed in advance of any experience with that person or group

Question 8

role of identity in understanding biases

Answer 8

• identity is informed by the way we were brought up, it influences the way we see the world
• we tend to expect other people to be similar to us, identity informs who we interact with

Question 9

components of identity - personal

Answer 9

a sense derived from one’s body sensations; one’s body image; and the feeling that one’s memories, goals, values, expectations, and beliefs belong to the self

Question 10

components of identity - relational

Answer 10

view of the self as connected with others, noting how one’s behaviors and actions impact group goals

Question 11

components of identity - social

Answer 11

the part ofself-conceptthat is derived from memberships in social groups or categories, ranging from family to nationality or race

Question 12

coherent identity

Answer 12

being able to integrate both past and present aspects of who you are which alings with how you see yourself and want to be seen by others

Question 13

a coherent identity helps to:

Answer 13

• behave in line with their values and aspirations (more authentic)
• find meaning in activities they do or find activities that are more meaningdful to them
• deal with changes they experience in their personal life better

Question 14

multidimensionality of identity

Answer 14

all individuals possess a diverse set of social identities that shape how they view themselves, others, and the world around them, whether they are conscious of those identities or not

Question 15

reducing bias

Answer 15

improving perceptions & self-awareness, meaningful interaction

Question 16

Johari window

Answer 16

a model used to evaluate the extent of open and authentic communication between individuals;
it is an imaginary window with four panes that each represent a dimension of knowledge about a person:
(a) Theopenpane contains information about the person that is known both to the person and to others,
(b) theblindpane contains information about the person that is known only to others,
(c) thehiddenpane contains information about the person that is known only to the person, and
(d) theunknownpane contains information about the person that is known neither to the person nor to others
→ the goal is to increase the amount of information about the self that is known both to the self and to others

Question 17

contact hypothesis

Answer 17

the proposition that interaction among people belonging to different groups will reduce intergroup prejudice