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Human and Society > Self > Flashcards

Self Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

self

A

independent, autonomous, separate being defined by a unique repertoire of attributes, abilities, thoughts and feelings

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2
Q

self-schema

A

a belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self-relevant information

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3
Q

culture

A

the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people

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4
Q

socialization

A

the process of training people to behave in a way that others in the group think is suitable (begins at family)

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5
Q

primary socialization

A

social norms (gender socialization)

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6
Q

secondary socialization

A

community + media (individual beliefs, behavior and identity)

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7
Q

self-concept

A

sum total of all individual’s beliefs about their personal attributes (set of beliefs that guide the way you process yourself) (cognitive component of the self)

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8
Q

self-esteem

A

an affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative self-evaluations

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9
Q

affective forecasting

A

predicting how one would feel in response to future emotional events

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10
Q

introspection

A

the process of attempting to directly access one’s own internal psychological processes, judgments, perceptions, or states

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11
Q

self-perception theory

A

when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior

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12
Q

better-than-average mentality

A

tendency of a person to hold overly favorable views of one’s own intellectual and social abilities relative to others

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13
Q

impact bias

A

tendency to overestimate the intensity and duration of our emotional reactions to future circumstances

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14
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding change in emotion

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15
Q

overjustification effect

A

tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors

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16
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

an incentive to engage in a specific activity that derives from pleasure in the activity itself (e.g., a genuine interest in a subject studied) rather than because of any external benefits that might be obtained (e.g., money, course credits)

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17
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

an external incentive to engage in a specific activity, especially motivation arising from the expectation of punishment or reward (e.g., completing a disliked chore in exchange for payment)

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18
Q

social comparison theory

A

people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others

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19
Q

two-factor theory of emotion

A

experience of emotion is based on 2 factors: physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal

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20
Q

autobiographical memories

A

memory for any information about the self, including not only personal experiences but also self-related factual knowledge, theself-schema, and so forth
→ flashbulb memories

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21
Q

self-other knowledge asymmetry model (SOKA)

A

suggests that because individuals and others differ in their susceptibility to biases or motivations and in the information they have access to, self- and other-knowledge will vary by trait

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22
Q

terror management theory

A

humans cope with fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem

23
Q

self-awareness theory

A

self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behavior

24
Q

private self-consciousness

A

individuals who are introspective, often attending to their own inner states

25
Q

public self-consciousness

A

individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others

26
Q

self-regulation

A

process by which people control their thoughts, feelings or behavior in order to achieve a personal or social goal

27
Q

implicit egoism

A

a nonconscious form of self-enhancement

28
Q

self-handicapping

A

behaviors designed to sabotage one’s own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure

29
Q

bask in reflected glory

A

to increase self-esteem by associating with others who are successful

30
Q

downward social comparison

A

defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are

31
Q

self-presentation

A

strategies people use to shape what others think of them

32
Q

self-monitoring

A

tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation

33
Q

molecules of the self-concept

A

actual self + ideal self + ought self

34
Q

constructing the self - internal cues

A
  • introspection
  • self-perception
  • autobiographical memories
35
Q

constructing the self - external cues

A
  • social comparison
  • two-factor theory of emotion
  • reflected self-appraisal
  • socialization
36
Q

constructing the self - strategies

A
  • focus on key traits
  • accessibility
  • selective memory
37
Q

symbolic interaction

A

self arises out of human interaction

38
Q

identity

A

meaning attached to the self by yourself and others

39
Q

self-aspects

A

summaries of a person’s beliefs about the self in specific domains, roles or activities

40
Q

self-knowledge motives (3)

A
  • self protection → to diminish the negativity of the self
  • self verification → to be consistent towards others
  • self-enhancement →. to look good in the eyes of others
41
Q

cultural differences - individualistic culture - definition of self

A

unique individual - separate from social

42
Q

cultural differences - individualistic culture - structure of the self

A

unitary & stable - constant across situations & relationships

43
Q

cultural differences - individualistic culture - important features

A

internal, private self

44
Q

cultural differences - individualistic culture - significant tasks

A

being unique, expressing yourself

45
Q

cultural differences - collectivistic culture - definition of the self

A

connected with others in context of social roles

46
Q

cultural differences - collectivistic culture - structure of the self

A

fluid & variable - changing from one situation/relationship to another

47
Q

cultural differences - collectivistic culture - important features

A

external, public self

48
Q

cultural differences - collectivistic culture - significant tasks

A

belonging - fitting in, acting appropriately

49
Q

trait self-esteem

A

a stable characteristic of an individual’s overall evaluation of themselves

50
Q

state self-esteem

A

an individual’s current level of self-worth

51
Q

sociometer theory

A

a theory holding thatself-esteemis important to individuals mainly because it serves as a measure of social appeal (i.e., a sociometer)

52
Q

self-discrepancy

A

an incongruity between different aspects of one’s self-concept, particularly between one’sactual selfand either theideal selfor theought self

53
Q

self-awareness

A

self-focused attention or knowledge

54
Q

self-enhancing triad

A
  1. overestimating our good points
  2. overestimating our control over events
  3. unrealistically optimistic

Human and Society (9 decks)

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