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Sociology 100 > Social Movement > Flashcards

Social Movement Flashcards

1
Q

o The overall centralized political & social apparatus of decision-making and administration.

A

State

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2
Q

o The specific branch of State tasked with making decisions and setting policy.

o The ‘political’ part.

A

Government

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3
Q

Whilst the State includes all institutions setting rules for social life, ______ more narrowly refers to the particular people who make specific decisions about individual topics.

Government thus includes Parliament, Prime Minister etc.

A

Government

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4
Q

o Carry out policy, keep peace, maintain law & order.
o Police, health service, bureaucracies etc.

A

State institutions

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5
Q

states vary according to degree of control:
* Control over public life, e.g. politics, media, debate.
* Control over private life, e.g. family, social clubs, leisure.

In ______ state, citizen’s entire identity may be bound up with state/ruling Party, and may be expected to sacrifice self for the nation.
Not necessarily true in authoritarian states.

A

Totalitarian states

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6
Q

o Public sphere mostly open: citizens can say what they want, vote freely etc.
o Strong protections for private sphere, which government shouldn’t be involved in.

A

Liberal Democracy

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7
Q

o Strong central leader, little public opposition; may rely on force for compliance.

o Largely allows citizens to live private lives (though may monitor them).

A

Authoritarianism

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8
Q

o One-party centralized state in which distinction of state and party is blurred.

o Limited private life, and may be absorbed into state

A

Totalitarianism

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9
Q

In _______ societies, every citizen has a set of civil liberties and civil rights, stipulated by law.

This guarantees a private sphere of life for the individual.

A

liberal-democratic

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10
Q
  • In _____ most of our lives are lived in private realm; we are less immersed in national/public realm.
  • Liberal democracies thus assume that we are, above all, individuals, before we are members of nation, group, society.
  • These rights and liberties may thus also protect individuals or minorities against ‘tyranny of the majority’ oppressing them
A

Modern societies

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11
Q

o Legal protections against interference in individual life by the state.

o ‘Negative’: they restrain government.

A

Civil liberties

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12
Q

o Legally-enforced guarantee of fair, equal treatment for all members of society.

o ‘Positive’: govt acts to protect them.

A

Civil Rights

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13
Q

o The rest of society, considered as a broad whole.

o (Usually) includes economy, religion, media etc.

o Not centrally-administered; more spontaneous.

A

Civil Society

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14
Q

suggests that we participate indirectly in shaping government by way of broader institutions of civil society – in particular through the public sphere.

18th century saw rise of new ‘public sphere,’ in cafés and newspapers across Europe.

These allowed debate and discourse: they gave a space for us to share opinions.

Thus, even though people weren’t taking direct part in government, they were able to affect it by expressing their views in different fora, even between elections.

presents this public sphere as an institutional form for the discourse ethics.

A

Jürgen Habermas

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15
Q

o A third space between private home life and political state, in which free debate takes place to form the public voice and influence the powerful.

A

Public Sphere

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16
Q

_____ try to understand obedience and authority on their own terms:
* How are they constituted in a society?
* What structures and institutions are involved?
* Why do people obey?

A

Sociologists

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17
Q

When examining power and its institutional forms, many sociologists may try to remain value-neutral (Weber).

_____ however, assume that such institutions are oppressive, and try to undermine them.

A

Critical Theorists

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18
Q

o Those in positions of power are usually doing it to benefit themselves or their group.

o Those who obey are coerced or tricked.

A

Critical theories

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19
Q

o Those in power have diverse motives and methods of achieving their goals.

o Those who obey have reasons for doing so.

A

Symbolic Interactionism

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20
Q

o Institutions of power are there to benefit society as a whole, by keeping it stable.

o Obedience is a sign of a harmonious society.

A

Structural Functionalism

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21
Q

Social change could occur through the state.
However, not all social change happens in this way.
Sometimes ______ arise without the state’s involvement and sociologists wonder how and why people join them.

A

Social movements

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22
Q

o Sustained challenges to existing holders of power in the name of a wronged population.

o This population could be a group who feels that its rights have not been respected.

o Members of movements engage in protesting, occupying buildings, sending emails to political leaders, and striking to achieve social change.

A

Social movements

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23
Q

In many ways, _____ are like routine politics.
* Both seek to garner public support for their issues that might involve efforts to change laws.
* Movement interests might even be incorporated into the agendas of political parties.

A

Social movements

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24
Q

______ often fight for public goods.
*These are things that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous.

  • One person cannot reasonably prevent another from consuming the good (nonexcludable)
  • One person’s consumption of the good does not affect another’s (nonrivalrous).
A

Social Movements

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25
Q

Sociologist and Political Scientist

  • Dynamics of Contention
  • Contentious politics
  • Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1992
  • From mobilization to revolution
A

Charles Tilly (1929-2008)

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26
Q

______ theorized that social movements require five main elements:
1. Offering sustained challenge to power holders demonstrating commitment.
2. Engaging those with power by people with less power.
3. Representing a wronged population.
4. Disrupting the daily routines of power holders using tactics outside regular politics.
5. Depending on the worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitment of its members (WUNC).

A

Charles Tilly

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27
Q

Early work on social movements argued that participation in movements was irrational. Given the highs relative to the low benefits, coupled with a small chance for the movement’s success, researchers believed participation had to be based on irrational thought.

A

The Collective Action Problem

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28
Q

Collective action (free rider) problem
Developed by ____

  • People will avoid going to protests because they don’t believe they can make a difference by doing so.
  • People tend to avoid participating in collective action because they still benefit from whatever is gained whether they contribute or not.
  • This suggests collective action is unlikely to occur even when large groups of people have common interests.
A

Mancur Olsen.

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29
Q

Many people participate in ______ and they do so in various ways.
* Some might join social movement organizations.
* Others may not join an organization but still attend events like protests.
* Others do things to support social movement causes.

A

Social Movements

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30
Q

Different methods of engaging in social movements vary along two main dimensions:

A
  1. The risk associated with the activity
  2. The cost of engaging
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31
Q

o Potential participants must weigh what risks they are willing to take for the level of risk they are comfortable with will determine how or if they participate.

A
  1. The risk associated with the activity
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32
Q

o Potential participants must think about how much in terms of time and resources they are willing to incur in order to participate in a social movement.

A
  1. The cost of engaging
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33
Q

Participation requires four main elements:

A
  1. Ideology
  2. Resources
  3. Biographical availability
  4. Social ties and identity
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34
Q

o Ideological commitment is important because it makes people at least cognitively available to participate in a movement.
o Ideology is a significant part of why people participate in protests.

A

Ideology

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35
Q

o To compel engagement individuals must also feel like they are going to win.
o This sense is the belief that one is capable of the specific behaviours required to produce a desired outcome.

A

Efficacy

36
Q

o Along with ideologies, individuals must have the resources to allow them to participate in social movements.

o Money helps people translate their beliefs into action.

o Socio-economic status (SES) is an important predictor of an individual’s propensity to protest.

A

Resources

37
Q

o When individuals are biographically available to participate in social movements, they could convert their ideology and resources into action.

o Life changes make individuals more or less available to participate.

A

Biographical Availability

38
Q

o If you have a lot of close friends involved in social movements, you are more likely to participate as well.

A

Social Ties

39
Q

o The names that people give to themselves and others in the course of social interaction.

o A collective identity that comes from shared attributes or experiences among a group is a prerequisite for collective action.

A

Identities

40
Q

o Social movement participation is also shaped by the context in which it happens.

o Some contexts are more facilitative to the growth of social movement mobilization than others.

A

Political Context/Critical Events

41
Q

o These facilitative contexts are called free spaces, which refers to the small-scale settings within a community.

o These settings are removed from the direct control of dominant groups, are voluntary, and generate the cultural challenge that precedes or accompanies political mobilization.

o These free spaces protect activists from those in power who might oppose them.

A

Free spaces

42
Q

o Participating in a social movement or protest activities can have long-term transformative effects for individuals.

A

Consequences of Participation

43
Q
  • Activists tend to maintain the same ideology over the course of their lives and remaine politically active.

_________ share similar patterns in life (e.g., working in teaching or helping professions, have lower incomes, and are more likely to divorce, marry later, or remain single).

A

Former activists

44
Q

Ways of interpreting the world that allow individuals to understand and label occurrences in their daily lives. The process of framing is about selecting certain parts of the world to emphasize and others to deemphasize. Activists use frames to inspire and legitimate social movement activity.

A

Frames

45
Q

Frames have three key parts:

A
  1. Diagnostics
  2. Prognostics
  3. Motivational
46
Q

o First, the social movement and activists “diagnose” the problem.
o Involves identifying a problem and attributing blame or causation

A

Diagnostic

47
Q

o Second, a social movement tries to propose a solution to the problem.
o Involves proposing solutions to the diagnosed problems

A

Prognostic

48
Q

o Third, social movement activists try to get individuals to do something to solve the problem.

A

Motivational

49
Q

The media might pick up the activists’ frames and make them available to the public.

Media editors must pick a limited number of events to observe and report.

A
  • Description Bias
  • Selection Bias
50
Q

o Involves media editors’ choices of a small number of protest events from a much larger pool.
o Media agents can influence the selection of event to cover, independent of an event’s characteristics.

A

Selection Bias

51
Q
  • Events are likely to be reported if their substantive focus can be used to illustrate an issue that is already on the media’s radar.
  • There are specific times when the public is more apt to become concerned about a problem and attempt to solve it.
  • Once the public realizes the cost of addressing a problem, however, enthusiasm for solutions often dampens.
A

Issue attention cycles

52
Q

o Once a group secured media coverage, activists become concerned with description bias, or how they and their actions are depicted.
o The explanations of how the media select what to cover and how they frame that coverage are generally based on either organizational or ideological models.

A

Description bias

53
Q

o The media act as gatekeepers.
o These gatekeepers don’t simply choose the most important events to cover.
o They also give more coverage to events that are seen to be changing.
o For activists to get their issue covered, they must connect it to some event or matter that is increasing, spreading, or intensifying.

A

Organizational Models of the Media

54
Q

Economics also shapes what is covered in the media. Consequently, editors tend to favour generalist reporters instead of specialists.

  • Eliminates the need for more than one reporter
  • Generalists are cheaper and easier to hire, but they don’t know as much about each area.
  • Generalists rely on official government sources for information, so the news is likely to represent the interests and perspectives of those in power.
A

Generalists versus Specialists

55
Q

o There is a more concerted effort on the part of the media, political, and corporate elites to control the information in the news.

o Broader structures of power relations in society affect the portrayal of social movements and protest.

o Such structures lead to increased privatization, commercialization, and concentration of ownership, which limits the range of ideas conveyed in the media.

o The media want to reproduce broader power relationships. E.g. they tend to focus on individual responsibility for social problems and neglect social causes.

A

The Ideological Model of Media Coverage

56
Q

o The media sends signals about who is legitimate and to whom we should listen.

o The media coverage of protests tends to be limited, and when it does occur, negative

o The media emphasize officials’ views and centre on individual-level explanations instead of the social explanations most movements try to convey.

o The media focus on the violence and drama, and “wackiness” of protest events.

A

Media Framing

57
Q

o The specific way that the media tend to cover protest events.

o This template uses a particular framing and relies on official sources.

o Leads to delegitimization, marginalization, and even demonization of protestors.

A

The Protest Paradigm

58
Q

o When groups have broad goals, it is frequently hard to determine if they have been successful.
o Groups with a variety of goals usually only achieve some of them.
o Politicians, business leaders, and others in power are often reluctant to admit they were influenced by movements.

A

Challenges with measuring success

59
Q

_______ studies two different measures of social movement success:
1. Groups are looking for acceptance and to be seen as valid spokespeople for a legitimate set of concerns.
2. Groups are looking for new advantages, like laws, policies, or other gains.

A

William Gamson

60
Q

o Have dramatically influenced the approach toward social change by shifting the attention to silenced subaltern agents of change.

A

Everyday Resistance

61
Q

_____ coined the term Everyday Resistance

distances himself from the mainstream analysis of agents of change, which mainly focus on violent forms of political action (including riots, rebellion, revolutionary movements)

o He argues for the importance of shifting the attention to the political interest of the lower class, manifested in the form of everyday resistance.

o He argues for the importance of shifting the attention to the political interest of the lower class, manifested in the form of everyday resistance.

o He focuses on the peasants and their daily forms of resistance.

A

James Scott

62
Q

_____ is a relatively safer form of political action for these lower-class groups since it is small-scale and “beneath notice.”

o These activities are disregard as political since they are not considered “politics” or “group action” in the conventional sense.

A

Everyday resistance

63
Q

Quiet Encroachment

o Coined by ______

o Bayat argues that quiet encroachment can explain the activities of the urban subalterns.

A

Asef Bayat

64
Q

“Noncollective but prolonged direct actions of dispersed individuals and families to acquire the basic necessities of their lives (land for shelter, urban collective consumption or urban services, informal work, business opportunities, and public space) in a quiet and unassuming illegal fashion” (Bayat 2013, 45).

A

Quiet Encroachment

65
Q

o Comprises episodic collective action, lacks any clear ideology, structured organization, or leadership.

______ impacts the meaning of order, control of public space, and public and private goods.

o The subalterns discreetly and individually act to fulfill their needs as an act of redress to achieve two aims: redistribute social goods and opportunities, and attain autonomy.

A

Gradual activism

66
Q

____ argues that these aims are more achievable in Global South because most of its countries have a vulnerable and ‘soft state.”

o The maneuver over autonomy is more accessible as people, comparing to the Global North, are experiencing less surveillance.

A

Bayat

67
Q

o Bayat distinguishes his account of quiet encroachment from new social movements.

o He argues that new social movements with identity politics reflect “the sentiments of the middle-class intellectuals” (Bayat 2013: 45).

A

Difference between new social movements and nonmovements

68
Q

o Include active collective mobilization lobbying, street protests, political contention, and discursive campaigns.

o lack structured organization, coherent ideology, and clear-cut leadership.

A

New Social Movements

69
Q

A main predictor of social movement engagement. Individuals with fewer responsibilities and constraints, such as young people, students, single people, and those without children, are more likely to have the time, energy, and inclination to engage in contentious political activity.

A

Biographical availability

70
Q

The minimally contentious act of withdrawing from commercial or social relations with a country, organization, or person as a form of protest.

A

Boycott

71
Q

A theory explaining how people tend to avoid participating in collective action because they still benefit from whatever is gained whether they contribute or not.

A

Collective action problem

72
Q

Other people who might be sympathetic to the plight of a wronged population.

A

Conscience constituencies

73
Q

How activists are concerned with how they and their actions are depicted.

A

Description bias

74
Q

The belief that one is capable of the specific behaviours required to produce a desired outcome.

A

Efficacy

75
Q

Ways of interpreting the world that allow individuals to understand occurrences in their daily lives.

A

Frames

76
Q

The small-scale settings within a community that are removed from the direct control of dominant groups.

A

Free spaces

77
Q

The names that people give to themselves and others in the course of social interaction. Identity is central to social movement participation as both a cause and outcome of engagement.

A

Identities

78
Q

A model that argues that there is a more concerted effort on the part of the media, political, and corporate elites to control the information in the news.

A

Ideological model media coverage

79
Q

According to Gamson, a measure of social movement success in which a group gains benefits, such as a new policy or law, during a challenge and its aftermath.

A

New advantage

80
Q

A document signed by many people, requesting an authority (usually a government official or public entity) to do something in regard to a particular cause.

A

Petition

81
Q

An organized and public demonstration against an event, policy, or action.

A

Protest

82
Q

The specific way that the media tend to cover protest events.

A

Protest paradigm

83
Q

The idea that one person cannot reasonably prevent another from consuming some good (non-excludable) and that one person’s consumption of the good does not affect another’s (non-rivalrous).

A

Public goods

84
Q

Media editors’ choices of a small number of protest events from a much larger pool.

A

Selection bias

85
Q

Sustained challenges to existing holders of power in the name of a wronged population.

A

Social movement

Sociology 100 (12 decks)

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