Names Flashcards
(38 cards)
Sigmund Freud
Founder of modern psychoanalysis- Humans were fundamentally composed of mass uncontrolled libidinal drives, the drives can only be dispelled if gratified
Who founded the three elements of personality?
the id, the super ego and the ego
Sigmund Freud
Pierre Bourdiue
Cultural Capital: Knowledge of e.g. art, wine, history; includes forms like university degrees. Used to demonstrate status and high class
Thorestin Veblen
Theory of Leisure Class, describes the emergence of a wealthy class at the top of society who assert status by the way they spend their free time
Antonio Gramsci
Suggests ruling class maintains dominance through control of intellectuals:
* they maintain control over institutions of edcation, law, and religion, which people look to for leadership
* These intellectuals express the dominant class’s ideals
who distinguished between three kinds of cultural norms?
ie. Folkways, Mores and Taboos
William Graham Sumner
Max Weber
Exemplified sociological study of values through protestant ethnic:
* Value of hard work, frugality for own sake.
* Elective affinity with capitalism: suited rise of market society; gave Protestants advantage.
Who identified the core values & beliefs of a religion: what did it prioritise? What is commanded and what is forbidden?
Who explained these beliefs are manifest in a set of practices: how do the beliefs guide the actions? How can they be seen in everyday behaviour?
Who extrapolate from that to explain an overall culture or spirit of capitalsm? - a collected, established set of practices
Max Weber
who indivated some of the things sociologist look at when analysing culture specifically cultural norms and ethnocentrism via a toungue and cheek analysis?
Horace Miner
Sapir Whorf
Linguistic Determinism:
* hypothesize relationship between language and culture
* Language, words and meanings they generate are culture-specific, therefore language outside of its culutral context does not make sense
- Linguistic determinism: if our language doesnt have a word for something, we dont have it
- Who suggested that our thoughts are limited by the words our language provides for them?
- Who implied that we are only able to use ideas that our society (and language) has words for; thus, people sharing language think similarly
- Thought not accepted in ‘strong’ form, a ‘weaker’ form of the hypothesis generally seen as pointing to importance of social elements in shaping our thoughts
Sapir Whorf- Sociolinguistics
Who traced cultural symbols and values back to the mode of production?
* What sort of values defend capitalist production?
* Cultural importance of property, profit, money, instead of, say, religion, piety or military valour.
Karl Marx
Who termed Ideoloical Hegemony?
* itellectual and ideological control of soceity by the dominant class, such that everyone adopts their worldview
Antonio Gramsci
Who described how messages are encoded and edcoded?
* Arguing that we do not simpltake on these messages uncritically; we sometimes decode them in ways that undermine the message they’re tring to convey?
Stuart Hall- Encoding and Decoding
Simone De Beauvoir
The Eternal feminine
* the supposed mysterious ‘essence’ of women, often referred to by poets, artists, and novelists; the characteristic that allegedly entrances men
* Females (real and fictional) often treated as if they’re entirely explained by this ‘essence’
who sees the cultural representation of feminity as typical of how women are treated as secondary?
* Men are represented as self-controlling agents, with their own lives. They develop themsleves by overcoming problems.
* Women appear in literature at best as ‘the muse’- there to inspire the man, not as hero of own story. They appear as the love interest. Their stories are usually about winning a man.
Simone De Beauvoir
Edward Said
Orientalism, whereby Europeans and North Americans presented rest of the world as ‘naturalistic’ and ‘mysterious’ - and hence primitive, uncivilized, irrational.
- Europe thus privileged as ‘normal’ - the way humans should be- and the rest of the world has somehow failed to reach the same pinnacle
- Even today, groups other than Caucasian often stereotype in the media in various ways, as eg. hyper-sexual, mysterious, passive etc- rarely treated as the ‘heroes’ of the story
Edward Said- Orientalism
Alterity: Self & Other
this alterity is often central to the way dominant culture defines itself:
* They set up dichotomy of ‘One’ (self) and ‘Other’
* They stigmatize the Other, describing it as in some way less than human (‘emotional’ rather than ‘rational’; ‘passive’ rather than ‘active’ etc)
Emmanuel Levinas- Alterity: self & other
Conspicuous Consumption
* Theory of the Leisure Class, describes the emergence of a wealthy class at the top of soceity who assert status by the way the spend their free time
Thorstein Veblen- Conspicuous Consumption
Who has suggested that most of our cultural capital comes from early years, absorbed or embodied unconsciously:
* Equally, our knowledge of how to behave in high society (which fork to use!) comes from early years
* compares it to knowing ‘the rules of the game’
Pierre Bourdiue- Habitus
explain simplistic, htypnotic modern pop culture by looking at the way it is produced: modern production makes vast amounts of products as efficiently as possible, with no regard to quality
Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer- Culture industry
Belived humans before societies were primitive, incapable of interacting and speaking with each other, but happy, nonetheless.
Theorized society corrupted humans:
* The more advanced the civilization, the more corrupt it is
Jean- Jacques Rousseau
Disagreed with Rousseau on the grounds that it was impossible for humans to exist without societies
Belived that:
* Society stands above humans, regulating and constraining behaviour
* Humans cannot exist without society and interactions with others
Émile Durkheim
