Names

Question 1

Sigmund Freud

Answer 1

Founder of modern psychoanalysis- Humans were fundamentally composed of mass uncontrolled libidinal drives, the drives can only be dispelled if gratified

Question 2

Who founded the three elements of personality?

the id, the super ego and the ego

Answer 2

Sigmund Freud

Question 3

Pierre Bourdiue

Answer 3

Cultural Capital: Knowledge of e.g. art, wine, history; includes forms like university degrees. Used to demonstrate status and high class

Question 4

Thorestin Veblen

Answer 4

Theory of Leisure Class, describes the emergence of a wealthy class at the top of society who assert status by the way they spend their free time

Question 5

Antonio Gramsci

Answer 5

Suggests ruling class maintains dominance through control of intellectuals:
* they maintain control over institutions of edcation, law, and religion, which people look to for leadership
* These intellectuals express the dominant class’s ideals

Question 6

who distinguished between three kinds of cultural norms?

ie. Folkways, Mores and Taboos

Answer 6

William Graham Sumner

Question 7

Max Weber

Answer 7

Exemplified sociological study of values through protestant ethnic:
* Value of hard work, frugality for own sake.
* Elective affinity with capitalism: suited rise of market society; gave Protestants advantage.

Question 8

Who identified the core values & beliefs of a religion: what did it prioritise? What is commanded and what is forbidden?

Who explained these beliefs are manifest in a set of practices: how do the beliefs guide the actions? How can they be seen in everyday behaviour?

Who extrapolate from that to explain an overall culture or spirit of capitalsm? - a collected, established set of practices

Answer 8

Max Weber

Question 9

who indivated some of the things sociologist look at when analysing culture specifically cultural norms and ethnocentrism via a toungue and cheek analysis?

Answer 9

Horace Miner

Question 10

Sapir Whorf

Answer 10

Linguistic Determinism:
* hypothesize relationship between language and culture
* Language, words and meanings they generate are culture-specific, therefore language outside of its culutral context does not make sense

Question 11

• Linguistic determinism: if our language doesnt have a word for something, we dont have it
• Who suggested that our thoughts are limited by the words our language provides for them?
• Who implied that we are only able to use ideas that our society (and language) has words for; thus, people sharing language think similarly
• Thought not accepted in ‘strong’ form, a ‘weaker’ form of the hypothesis generally seen as pointing to importance of social elements in shaping our thoughts

Answer 11

Sapir Whorf- Sociolinguistics

Question 12

Who traced cultural symbols and values back to the mode of production?
* What sort of values defend capitalist production?
* Cultural importance of property, profit, money, instead of, say, religion, piety or military valour.

Answer 12

Karl Marx

Question 13

Who termed Ideoloical Hegemony?
* itellectual and ideological control of soceity by the dominant class, such that everyone adopts their worldview

Answer 13

Antonio Gramsci

Question 14

Who described how messages are encoded and edcoded?
* Arguing that we do not simpltake on these messages uncritically; we sometimes decode them in ways that undermine the message they’re tring to convey?

Answer 14

Stuart Hall- Encoding and Decoding

Question 15

Simone De Beauvoir

Answer 15

The Eternal feminine
* the supposed mysterious ‘essence’ of women, often referred to by poets, artists, and novelists; the characteristic that allegedly entrances men
* Females (real and fictional) often treated as if they’re entirely explained by this ‘essence’

Question 16

who sees the cultural representation of feminity as typical of how women are treated as secondary?
* Men are represented as self-controlling agents, with their own lives. They develop themsleves by overcoming problems.
* Women appear in literature at best as ‘the muse’- there to inspire the man, not as hero of own story. They appear as the love interest. Their stories are usually about winning a man.

Answer 16

Simone De Beauvoir

Question 17

Edward Said

Answer 17

Orientalism, whereby Europeans and North Americans presented rest of the world as ‘naturalistic’ and ‘mysterious’ - and hence primitive, uncivilized, irrational.

Question 18

• Europe thus privileged as ‘normal’ - the way humans should be- and the rest of the world has somehow failed to reach the same pinnacle
• Even today, groups other than Caucasian often stereotype in the media in various ways, as eg. hyper-sexual, mysterious, passive etc- rarely treated as the ‘heroes’ of the story

Answer 18

Edward Said- Orientalism

Question 19

Alterity: Self & Other
this alterity is often central to the way dominant culture defines itself:
* They set up dichotomy of ‘One’ (self) and ‘Other’
* They stigmatize the Other, describing it as in some way less than human (‘emotional’ rather than ‘rational’; ‘passive’ rather than ‘active’ etc)

Answer 19

Emmanuel Levinas- Alterity: self & other

Question 20

Conspicuous Consumption
* Theory of the Leisure Class, describes the emergence of a wealthy class at the top of soceity who assert status by the way the spend their free time

Answer 20

Thorstein Veblen- Conspicuous Consumption

Question 21

Who has suggested that most of our cultural capital comes from early years, absorbed or embodied unconsciously:
* Equally, our knowledge of how to behave in high society (which fork to use!) comes from early years
* compares it to knowing ‘the rules of the game’

Answer 21

Pierre Bourdiue- Habitus

Question 22

explain simplistic, htypnotic modern pop culture by looking at the way it is produced: modern production makes vast amounts of products as efficiently as possible, with no regard to quality

Answer 22

Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer- Culture industry

Question 23

Belived humans before societies were primitive, incapable of interacting and speaking with each other, but happy, nonetheless.

Theorized society corrupted humans:
* The more advanced the civilization, the more corrupt it is

Answer 23

Jean- Jacques Rousseau

Question 24

Disagreed with Rousseau on the grounds that it was impossible for humans to exist without societies

Belived that:
* Society stands above humans, regulating and constraining behaviour
* Humans cannot exist without society and interactions with others

Answer 24

Émile Durkheim

Question 25

Libido:
* our inner stores of desires and energy (not just sexual); source of all our drives and impulses.
* Chaotic, disordered, often self- contradictory

Answer 25

Sigmund Freud- Libido

Question 26

However much we might want to satisfy all our desires, we can’t simply act on them without thought; we would die if we simply gratified the most immediate desire.
* suggests that infants haven’t yet learnt this lesson: they are governed by the pleasure priniciple and seek immediate satisfcation of their desires.
* As we grow older, we learn to adapt to lean to adapt ourselves to the needs of reality

Answer 26

Sigmund Freud- Libido and the demands of the real world

Question 27

suggest tat recognition of the demands of reality is what gives rise o self- consciousness:

Infants don’t distinguish themselves from their desires, they simply act on what they want right away
* as reality bites, we have to learn to seperate ourselves from what we want right at this moment

The Ego emerges to moderate and guide the expression of desires and drives in a way that gives them some satisfaction while recognizing demands of world

Answer 27

Sigmuend Freud- The emergence of the self: ID and Ego

Question 28

1. Id represents our unconsious instinctive drives
2. Superego is the part of the mind that policies the id (your conscience)
3. Ego is the main agent of personality, driven by the id and its demands but restrained by the id and its demands but restrained by the super ego

Answer 28

Sigmund Freud- Three Elements of Personality

Question 29

For symbolic Interactionists, socialization is negotiated through our connections with our people

socialization helps us develop a sense of self as well as our identity

we think of ourselves using the words and categories developed by others

our sense of self is assembled from the reactions of others

These people researched the relationship between the process of socialization and development of the self:

Answer 29

George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley

Question 30

Theorized the relationship between socialization and development of the self through 4 stages of role taking by children

1. Prepatory stage: children learn language and other symbols by imitating significant others
2. Play Stage (roleplay): Children pretend to be other people in their lives
3. Game Stage: Children learn complex rules to play the games they are learning to play
4. Generalized Other stage: children think about themselves through the eyes of others

Answer 30

George Herbert Mead

Question 31

3 components of the Looking Glass:
1. How you imagine you appear to others
2. How You imagine these other judge your appearance
3. How you feel as a result (proud, self-confident, etc)

Answer 31

Charles Horton Cooley

Question 32

discuesses how male children are told to ‘be strong’, be independent, stand up for themselves whilst females are kept at home in soft, caring roles

These differences in upbringing lead boys and girls to have different expectations of life, and therefore to fill different roles
* Gender roles can be traced back to childhood expiriences

Answer 32

Simone de Beavoir

Question 33

the first person to carry out a systematic study of sociological subjects

Answer 33

Ibn Khaldûn

Question 34

Sociology, or studying society in a systematic way, is a term coined

sought a way of understanding society that would help prevent the kinds of upheaval France experienced focusing on how social institutions were able to remain largely the same over time (stasis) and how and why societies change (kinesis).

Answer 34

Auguste Comte

Question 35

help individuals see the connections between their lives and larger society. We can understand our lives in more depth if we understand the larger history of our society.

advocated illuminating the personal troubles we face as individuals and larger public issues or the social problems that arise in human societies.

Answer 35

C. Wright Mills- The Sociological Imagination

Question 36

noted how different sociology was from philosophy, a popular academic discipline in his day, due to its reliance on empirical research. Sociology was also unique because it focused on social facts, or the external social structures, norms, and values that shape the actions of individuals.

Answer 36

Émile Durkheim

Question 37

found that suicide wasn’t entirely a matter of the individual’s decision to take their own life. He determined suicide rates differed by country, by gender and even by religion. This confirmed for him that the differences in suicide rates could only be explained by considering social facts, or those elements of society beyond the individual’s control.

Answer 37

Émile Durkheim

Question 38

The Performance of Social Roles: dramaturgical perspective

was interested in explaining how individuals interact with others to create an impression and measure the impressions of others

Answer 38

Erving Goffman