Social Learning & Pedagogy

Question 1

Cultural niche

Answer 1

• We learn from others
• Children are born explorers

Question 2

Why is trial and error not the best?

Answer 2

Time consuming and risky
Social learning avoids taking risk on yourself

Question 3

What problem occurs if nobody collects their own info?
Information scroungers
Information producers

Answer 3

No good info will be learned because there are no producers

Question 4

Ratchet of cumulative culture
- Humans
- Animals

Answer 4

Humans:
- Inuits adapted tools thru generations

Animals:
- Ravens learned to use sticks to reach insects
- Monkeys use rocks to break nuts
- Otters use rocks to break shells

** Imitation is important

Question 5

Imitation:
- Children vs Chimps open puzzle box
- Children identify and warn against silly actions; Connected vs Disconnected (Causal opacity)
- Box from Blicketland; Normative, communicative, instrumental explanations (Normativity)

Answer 5

• 3-4 years
• 3-5 years

Question 6

Sensitivity to communication manifests in 3 major ways:

(Natural pedagogy)

Answer 6

1) Preferential attention to sources of communicative signals
2) Expectation to learn in ostensive contexts
3) Generalizing information from ostensive communication more strongly

Question 7

Communicative signals (Natural pedagogy):
- Sensitivity to gaze
- Direct gaze and infant-directed speech

Answer 7

• Birth to 4 months
• 6 months

Question 8

Generalization and sampling (Natural pedagogy):
- A not B task (Pragmatic misinterpretation; Ostensive-communicative, noncommunicative, nonsocial)
- Accidental, intentional taking our blue toys
- Machine w/ triplet sequence

Answer 8

• 10 months
• 13-18 months
• 4-5 years

Question 9

Agency:
- Image wiggles and sound plays when baby moves arm

Answer 9

• 3-4.5 months

Question 10

Cons of Pedagogy:
- Teaching child how toy works (Pedagogical, interrupted, naive, baseline)
- Mathematical equivalence (Procedural vs Conceptual knowledge)

Answer 10

• ??
• 2nd to 4th graders (7.3-10.8 years)

Question 11

Variability in extracting info:
- Mayan traditional, Kaxlaan Mayan, European-American sibling pairs

Answer 11

• 5-10 years

Question 12

When is teaching necessary?
- Word logical problem
- Conservation problem (5 years)
- Buoyancy problem (5 years)

Answer 12

When…
- Lots of crystallized knowledge is required
- Problems are loosely structured
- Concept is counterintuitive to us

Question 13

Informants:
- Novel label vs Novel morphology
- How toy works (informative 1/4, under-informative 1/4, informative 4/4)

Answer 13

• 4 years
• 6-7 years

Question 14

Counterintuitive claims:
- Matryoshka test (Hong Kong and US sample; Intuitive vs a Counterintuitive testimony; Prompted vs Unprompted exploration)
- Cultural diff?

Answer 14

• Preschool and elementary children
• Hong Kong explored smaller doll more and was less likely to choose biggest doll
• American always chose biggest doll even without exploring

Question 15

Gender diffs in misinformation (3)

Answer 15

• Girls feel more responsible for others’ emotions
• Girls/Women avoid promotion more
• In educational settings, girls’ obedience is valued and boys’ non-conformity is valued

Question 16

Gender socialization in misinformation:
- Video game problem solving

Answer 16

• 7-10 years
• Girls spent less time exploring and solving on own after being shown solution