social kognitivt

Question 1

cognition refers to…

Answer 1

awareness and thinking as well as to specific mental acts such as perceiving, attending to, interpreting, remembering, believing, judging, deciding and anticipating. In sum, information processing!

Question 2

Cognitive approaches to personality focus on differences in how people think

Answer 2

personalising cognition

objectifying cognition

Question 3

describe personalizing och objectifying cognition

Answer 3

personalising cognition= I miss my dog

objectifying cognition= this is a labrador

Question 4

necker cube

Answer 4

(vilket håll twistar den)

perception is different

Question 5

three levels of cognition are of interest to personality psychologist

Answer 5

1. perception= the process of imposing order on the information our sense organs take in
2. interpretation= the process of making sense of or explaining various events in the world. (everyone has different interpretations, guy smiling example)
3. conscious goals= the standards people develop for evaluating themselves and others, what is important in life

Question 6

describe field dependence and field independence

Answer 6

field independence= people appear to rely on their own sensations not the perception of the field to make the judgement

• skillful at analyzing complex situations and extracting information from the cutter of background and distractions
• more creative

field dependence= assessed by Rod and Frame test (RFT) and embedded figures test (EFT)
- strong social skills and are more attentive to the social context

Question 7

pain tolerance and sensation personality and the experience of pain

Answer 7

extravert had a higher pain tolerance than introverts and extraversion was negatively associated with the perceived intensity of chronic pain

Question 8

three models for personality revealed through interpretation

Answer 8

1. kelly’s personal construct theory
2. locus of control
3. Beck’s schema theory and the S-REF model

Question 9

describe kelly’s personal construct theory

Answer 9

• people attempt to understand, predict and control events in their lives
• every person and every culture has a unique version of reality, with no single version being more privileged than another
• we use knowledge from our past to construct our anticipations
• ‘a person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events’; all our processes are shaped by what we anticipate

Question 10

describe locus of control

Answer 10

• who is responsible?
• describes a person’s tend to locate that responsibility internally (within themselves) or externally (in fate, luck or chance)
• external locus of control= Generalized expectancies that events are outside of one’s control
• internal locus of control= Generalized expectancies that reinforcing events are under one’s control, and that one is responsible for major life outcomes

Question 11

describe internal vs external locus of control and the effects of them

Answer 11

internal locus of control=

• I control the consequences of my behaviour
• better academic achievement
• better interpersonal relations
• greater efforts to learn
• positive attitudes to exercise
• lower cigarette smoking

external locus of control=

• the consequences of my behavior are outside my control
• more resigned to conditions “as they are”
• lower efforts to deal with health
• lower levels of psych adjustment
• greater sense of satisfaction

Question 12

describe Beck’s schema theory

Answer 12

• how the clients interpret or perceive the world, and events. The key concept is schema to understand the world. schemas are organized without us being aware.
• Understanding how clients perceived, interpreted and attributed meaning to the world was the most important ingredient in any therapy
• Schema – refers to the cognitive structures we use to break down the environment and organize it into psychologically relevant facets

Question 13

describe S-REF model

Answer 13

• Self-regulatory executive function (S-REF) - metacognitive model
• the way we process information depends on interactions between three levels of thinking or cognition
  1- knowledge in long-term memory
  2- immediate level of cognition
  3- deeper level of reflexive information processing

Question 14

Explanatory style

Answer 14

• learned helplessness= the feeling engendered when a person experiences an inescapable aversive station
• casual attribution= refer to a person’s explanation of the cause of an event
• explanatory style= tendency that some people have to use certain explanations to the cause of events
• Three broad categories of attributions
  external or internal
  stable or unstable
  global or specific

explanatory style is stable over time

BILD

Question 15

describe personality revealed through goals

Answer 15

• focus is on intention, what people want to happen.

- people differ in their goals and these differences are part of and reveal their personalities

Question 16

describe social cognition

Answer 16

how humans process information relating to other people

personality can be regarded as the stable pattern of social behaviours or the stable way in which individuals respond to social situations

we can learn from observing others

Question 17

explain self-efficacy

Answer 17

the belief that one can execute a specific course of action to achieve a goals

self-efficacy and performance mutually influence one another

students with higher self-efficacy beliefs about their studies are more persistent in their academic work and perform better in their classes

Question 18

describe Michael’s cognitive-affective personality system

Answer 18

personality is an organization of cognitive and affective activities that influence how people respond to certain kinds of situations

People differ from each other in the distinct organization of their cognitive and affective processes

emphasizes cognitive and affective processes that influence a person’s behaviors relative to specific situational characteristics

Question 19

describe CBT

Answer 19

cognitive behavioral therapy.

based in part on learned patterns of unhelpful behavior

people suffering from psychological problem can learn better ways of coping with them, thereby relieving their symptoms and becoming more effective in their lives

CBT aims at changing thinking patterns:
learning to recognize one’s distortions in thinking that are creating problems, and then to reevaluate them in light of reality
gaining a better understanding of the behavior and motivation of others
using problem-solving skills to cope with difficult situations

CBT aims at changing the behavioral patterns:
facing one’s fears instead of avoiding them
using role playing to prepare for potentially problematic interactions with others
learning to calm one’s mind and relax one’s body.

Question 20

summary?

Answer 20

Cognitive approaches to personality focus on differences in how people process information
People differ in how they think, perceive, interpret, remember, believe, want, and anticipate events in their lives.