Social Judgment Flashcards
What is social perception? What are the 3 types of raw data we use in social perception?
.social perception: the process by which ppl come to understand one another.people, situations, and behabior
How did a study by Willis & Todorov (2006) demonstrate that first impressions are often subtly influenced by brief exposure to a person’s appearance? How is prejudice related to facial expressions?
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What are baby faces? How have researchers documented biasing effects of facial maturity on perceptions of personality? Why do these biasing effects occur?
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What are situational scripts? How is experience related to the details in an individual’s script for a situation? How do scripts influence social perception?
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How do we derive meaning from our observations by dividing the continuous stream of behavior into discrete units? How does the way we divide a stream of behavior influence perception in important ways?
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How are behavioral cues used to determine people’s inner states? What are the 6 primary emotions? What did Charles Darwin theorize about recognition of facial expressions? Are basic emotions “universally” recognized? What other types of nonverbal cues influence social perception?
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Are people generally good at detecting lies? Why or why not? What are the 4 channels of communication that can be examined during lie detection? Which one is the most revealing? Are some groups significantly better at lie detection than others?
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What are attribution theories? In what sense are people natural psychologists? Define situational (or external) and personal (or internal) attributions.
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What is Jones Correspondent Inference theory? On the basis of what 3 factors do we make these inferences? How does each of these factors influence these inferences? How does the study by Jones & Harris involving the reading of pro- vs. anti-Castro essays demonstrate support for this theory?
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What is Kelley’s covariation principle? What 3 kinds of covariation information are useful? What does each tell you? According to this model, when should behavior be attributed to the person and when should it be attributed to the situation?
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What are cognitive heuristics? What are the benefits of these shortcuts? What are the costs?
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What is the availability heuristic? How did Tversky & Kahneman (1973) demonstrate this effect by asking participants about the placement of the letter R within words? How might this heuristic lead to the following errors?: False-consensus effect, base-rate fallacy, and counterfactual thinking. How can media coverage contribute to the availability heuristic? What effects can this have on the public’s concern about various dangers? How did a study by Medvec and colleagues demonstrate counterfactual thinking in silver medalists? When are we most likely to engage in counterfactual thinking?
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What is the “fundamental attribution error”? In what conditions does the bias most often occur? How was this error demonstrated in the Jones & Davis study where participants read pro- vs. anti-Castro essays? How was it demonstrated in the classic study by Lee Ross involving Quiz Show contestants?
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What is the two-step model of the attribution process? What support is there for this model? Why is the first step such a snap, and why does it seem so natural for people to assume a link between acts and personal dispositions? How did an experiment by Shelley Taylor and Susan Fiske demonstrate the influence of perceptual salience on attributions for a discussion?
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What is the actor-observer effect? What are two hypotheses as to why people commonly attribute their own behavior to the situation and others’ behavior to personality? What evidence supports each hypothesis?
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