Social Interactions

Question 1

Statuses

Answer 1

Positions in society that are used to classify individuals.

Question 2

Ascribed status

Answer 2

One that is given involuntarily due to factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, and family background.

Question 3

Achieved status

Answer 3

Gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices, such as being a doctor.

Question 4

Master status

Answer 4

Status by which a person is most identified. This status is typically the most important status the individual holds and affects all aspects of that person’s life.

Question 5

Role

Answer 5

Set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status.

Question 6

Role performance

Answer 6

The carrying out of behaviors associated with a given role.

Question 7

Role partner

Answer 7

Person with whom one is interacting (i.e. patients, nurses, patient’s relatives, other doctors, etc.)

Question 8

Role set

Answer 8

The various roles associated with a status.

Question 9

Role conflict

Answer 9

Difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles.

Question 10

Role strain

Answer 10

The difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role.

Question 11

Role exit

Answer 11

The dropping of one identity for another

Question 12

Group

Answer 12

Consists of two or more people who share similar characteristics and a sense of unity.

Question 13

Peer group

Answer 13

One that is defined by association of self-selected equals around similar interests, ages and statuses. The provider an opportunity for friendship and feelings of belonging.

Question 14

Family group

Answer 14

Is not self-selected but determined by birth, adoption, and marriage.

Question 15

In-groups

Answer 15

Groups which an individual belongs

Question 16

Our group

Answer 16

Which an individual competes or is in opposition.

Question 17

Reference groups

Answer 17

Groups that establish the terms by which individuals evaluate themselves: to determine how strong of a medical school applicant you are, you’ll reference yourself with a group of other applicants.

Question 18

Primary group

Answer 18

The interactions are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal and intimate relationships to members.

Question 19

Secondary group

Answer 19

Interactions are superficial, with few emotional bonds. Lasts short period of time compared with primary groups and form without any special significance.

Question 20

Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (community and society)

Answer 20

Ferdinand tönnies distinguished two major groups, community (family and neighborhood) and society (companies and countries).

Question 21

Interaction process analysis

Answer 21

A technique for observing, classifying, and measuring the interactions within small groups.

Question 22

System for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG)

Answer 22

Based on the belief that there are three fundamental dimensions of interaction:

1) Dominance vs. submission
2) Friendliness vs. unfriendliness
3) Instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive

Question 23

Group conformity

Answer 23

Individuals are complaint with the group’s goals, even when the group’s goals may be in direct contrast to the individual’s goal. (Trying to fit in)

Question 24

Groupthink

Answer 24

Related to group conformity, and occurs when members begin to focus solely on idea generated within the group, while ignoring outside ideas. Leads to groups not exploring all sides of an issue and may limit the group’s options or views.

Question 25

Network

Answer 25

Used to describe the observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups. Patterns of relationship can be determined by mapping the interactions between individual units.

Question 26

Immediate networks

Answer 26

Are dense with strong ties. Mate be composed of friends

Question 27

Distant networks

Answer 27

Are looser and built by weaker ties. May include acquaintances.

Question 28

Organizations

Answer 28

Are entities that are set up to achieve specific goals and are characterized by having a structure and a culture. (Schools, companies, music groups, sports teams, political organizations, etc.) They are different from groups by 3 aspects:

1) organizations continue despite the departure of an individual member.
2) organizations have expressed goals, usually in a written format and guide the members and their activities.
3) organizations are characterized by the hierarchical allotment of formal roles or duties to members.

Question 29

Characteristic institution

Answer 29

The basic organization of society is found in its characteristic institution. (Kin, clan or sib) and now bureaucracy.

Question 30

Bureaucracy

Answer 30

A rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control. It has 6 characteristics:

1) paid, non elected officials on a fixed salary
2) officials are provided rights and privileges as a result of making their career out of holding office
3) regular salary increases, seniority rights, and promotions upon passing exams or milestones
4) officials who enter the organization by holding an advanced degree or training
5) responsibilities, obligations, privileges, and work procedures rigidly defined by the organization
6) responsibility for meeting the demands of one’s position

Question 31

Iron law of oligarchy

Answer 31

States that democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being rule by an elite group.

Question 32

Mcdolandization

Answer 32

Commonly used to refer to a shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in these societies.

Question 33

Self-presentation (or impressions management)

Answer 33

Process of displaying oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors.

Question 34

Basic model of emotional expression

Answer 34

Establish by Charles Darwin, states that emotional expression involves a number of components: facial expressions, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, and physiological changes.

Question 35

Appraisal model

Answer 35

There are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but that there is a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression.

Question 36

Social construction model

Answer 36

Assumes that there is no biological basis for emotions, but are based on experiences and the situational context alone.

Question 37

Display rules

Answer 37

Cultural expectations of emotions

Question 38

Cultural syndrome

Answer 38

A shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values and behaviors among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme. Example:

United States’s happiness is viewed as infinite, attainable, and internally experienced (individualistic cultural syndrome).

Japan’s happiness is Avery rational emotion and generally applied to collective experiences more than to individual successes or experiences (collectivistic cultural syndrome)

Question 39

Impressions management

Answer 39

Refers to our attempts to influence how others perceive us.

Question 40

Authentic self

Answer 40

Describes who the person actually is, including both positive and negative attributes.

Question 41

Ideal self

Answer 41

Refers to who we would like to be under optimal circumstances.

Question 42

Tactical self

Answer 42

Refers to who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others’ expectations of us.

Question 43

Front stage self

Answer 43

Where the actor is in front of the audience, and performs according to the setting, role, and script in order to conform to the image he wants other to see.

Question 44

Backstage self

Answer 44

Where the actor is not being observed by an audience, and he is free to act in ways that may not be congruent with his desired public image, without having to worry about ruining his performance.

Question 45

Communication

Answer 45

Ability to convey information by speech, writing, signals or behaviors.

Question 46

Self-disclosure

Answer 46

Giving information about oneself to establish an identity. (Saying you’re a pre med student)

Question 47

Managing appearances

Answer 47

Using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image.

Question 48

Ingratiation

Answer 48

Using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over. (Blindly agreeing to someone else’s opinion, complimenting a friend before asking for a favor)

Question 49

Aligning actions

Answer 49

Making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses. (Justifications for missing deadlines, blaming a bad grade on too little sleep).

Question 50

Alter-casting

Answer 50

Imposing an identity into another person. (A good person would…)