Motivation, Emotion, And Stress

Question 1

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 1

Rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved. (I.e. working hard at your job for praise from your boss)

Question 2

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 2

Motivation that comes from within oneself. Example: a person takes interest in the subject matter at hand and has the goal of mastering the content.

Question 3

Instincts

Answer 3

Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli.

Example: wolves are instinctively pack creatures, protecting areas that are much larger than needed to hunt and dwell.

Question 4

Instinct theory

Answer 4

People are driven to do certain behaviors based I. Evolutionary programmed instincts. (William McDougall & William James) Human’s thoughts and behaviors derived from 18-20 physical/distinctive instincts.

Question 5

Arousal

Answer 5

The psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli, involving the brainstem, ANS, endocrine system, and plays a vital role in behavior and cognition.

Question 6

Arousal theory

Answer 6

People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal: seeking to increase arousal when it falls below their optimal level, and to decrease arousal when it rises above their optimum level.

Question 7

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 7

Performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level.
Low levels of arousal are optimal for highly cognitive tasks, and vice versatility for physical endurance and stamina.

Question 8

Drives

Answer 8

Internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals.

Question 9

Primary Drives

Answer 9

The need for food, water, and warmth to motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis.

Question 10

Secondary Drives

Answer 10

Additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes.
Example: wanting to become a physician, desire to nurture, love, achievement, and aggression.

Question 11

Drive reduction theory

Answer 11

Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states.

Question 12

Needs

Answer 12

Influences motivation based on the importance, how much effort must be taken, and how long the effort will be maintained.

Question 13

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 13

1. Physiological
2. Safety
3. Love/belonging
4. Esteem
5. Self-actualization

Question 14

Self-determination theory

Answer 14

Emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, the need to be in control of lens’s action and ideas; competence, and relatedness, the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships.

Question 15

Incentive theory

Answer 15

Behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments.

Question 16

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 16

The amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which she values succeeding at the goal.

Question 17

Opponent-process theory

Answer 17

When a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology.
Example: body counteracts repeated use of alcohol (a depressant) by increasing arousal.

Question 18

Tolerance

Answer 18

A decrease in perceived drug effect over time.

Question 19

Emotion

Answer 19

Natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others.
3 elements of emotion:

1) Physiological response
2) Behavioral response
3) Cognitive response

Question 20

Physiological response

Answer 20

Arousal is stimulated from the sympathetic nervous system. Components include heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature and blood pressure.

Question 21

Behavioral response

Answer 21

Includes facial expression and body language.

Question 22

Cognitive response

Answer 22

Subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced.

Question 23

Universal emotions

Answer 23

1) Happiness: smile, raised cheeks
2) Sadness: frown, inner eyebrows pulled up and together
3) Contempt: one corner of the mouth pulled upwards
4) Surprise: eyes widen, jaws open
5) Fear: eyes widen, lips pulled toward ears.
6) Disgust: nose wrinkling and/or raising upper lip
7) Anger: flaring, lips pressed together

Question 24

James-Lange theory

Answer 24

Stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled.

Question 25

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 25

Cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur simultaneously and result in the behavioral component of emotion or action.

Question 26

Schachter-Singer theory (Cognitive arousal theory or two factor theory)

Answer 26

Both arousal and the labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced.
Example: I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy.

Question 27

Limbic system

Answer 27

Complex set of structures that reside below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus. Made up of amygdaloid, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex. Large effect on motivation and emotion.

Question 28

Amygdala

Answer 28

Signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions. Processes the environment, detects external cues, and learns from the person’s surroundings in order to produce emotion.

Question 29

Thalamus

Answer 29

A preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain.

Question 30

Hypothalamus

Answer 30

Below the thalamus, synthesizes and releases a variety of neurotransmitters. Serves many homeostatic functions and is involved in modulation emotion.

Question 31

Hippocampus

Answer 31

Within the temporal lobe, is primarily involved in creating long-term memories. (Storage and retrieval of emotional memories)

Question 32

Emotional memory

Answer 32

Implicit memory. Storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event. (PTSD)

Explicit memory is memory about the “story” of the event.

Question 33

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 33

Anterior portion of the frontal lobes and is associate with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions.

Question 34

Dorsal prefrontal cortex

Answer 34

Associated with attention and cognition

Question 35

Central prefrontal cortex

Answer 35

Connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion.

Question 36

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 36

Role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala.

Question 37

Cognitive appraisal

Answer 37

Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress. Consists of 2 stages: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal

Question 38

Primary appraisal

Answer 38

Initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat. Identified as irrelevant benign-positive, or stressful.

Question 39

Secondary appraisal

Answer 39

If stage 1 reveals a threat, stage 2 begins. It is directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stresses. Identifies harm, threat, and challenge.

Question 40

Reappraisal

Answer 40

Ongoing monitoring, such as the perception of being followed.

Question 41

Stressor

Answer 41

A biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response. Include:

1) environmental factors
2) daily events
3) workplace
4) social expectations
5) chemical and biological stressors

Question 42

Distress

Answer 42

Occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors.

Question 43

Eustress

Answer 43

Experiencing pleasant stressors that result in positive conditions.

Question 44

General adaptation syndrome

Answer 44

3 stages:

1) Alarm- the initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to secrete ACTH, stimulating adrenal glands to produce cortisol, maintaining steady supply of blood sugar needed to stressful events. Also activated adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine to activate the sympathetic nervous system.
2) resistance- continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor.
3) exhaustion- body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system, becoming more susceptible to illnesses and medical conditions, organ systems begin to deteriorate, and death.

Question 45

Coping and stress management

Answer 45

Problem-focused: involve working to overcome a stressor.

Emotionally-focused: changing one’s feelings about a stressor.

Both can be adaptive or maladaptive.

Exercise is a powerful stress management tool that enhance mood.