Social & Intellectual challenge Flashcards

1
Q

Population England

A

Doubled 1520-1688
2.5 mill - 5+ mill
3/4 of entire pop in south east

Reasons? - 
MIGRATION 
WAR - Foreign Immigrants 
Commonwealth - Religious Toleration 
1600 - 35% Norwich pop - migrants
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2
Q

Migration in Britain

A

Kentish towns - Cloth - attractive

Maidstone - Dutch weavers

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3
Q

Mortality & Fertility

A

Lower than preceding centuries
Decline in Plague - population adept to isolating & containing diseases - no medical improvements
Eyam & Derbyshire - children lost replaced within 10 yrs

Fertility low 1650 - late avg marriages
M 28 W 26
1600 M 26 W 24
Rates rose 1680 - massive growth of London

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4
Q

LONDON Growth

A
1650 London took over Paris & Naples for largest city Western Europe 
Comtemp est 500,000
Modern 400,000
9% population by 1700
2.25% -1520
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5
Q

Other towns Growth

A
1600 - only 8 w pop over 5,000 
1700 - 30 
Bristol - Ports - 20,000
Norwich- Cloth - 30,000
York & Newcastle - 12,000 - COAL 
Growth in Manufacturing - Ipswich 
1600 4,000 to 7,500 1680 
Chester Leather 
1560s 4,600
1660s 7,100
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6
Q

Impact of population growth

A

Increase in poverty !
Increase in Vagrants
Cloth industry moved countryside - avoid taxes
2/3 pop lived near poverty line
1650 inflation - small landowners unable to invest in farms and had to sell land

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7
Q

Growth of Poverty

A

Comp for work
Taxation records 1670 1/3 pop = poor
25,000 arrested for vagrancy 1630s
2/5 workforce in villages - jobs as servants - free housing, clothing, food - safeguard from inflation

Apprenticeships - 7 years - out of reach for poor
Migration abroad - last resort 200,000 followed Puritan founders to Am colonies

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8
Q

Tudor Poor Relief Act

A

Relief for disability & punishment healthy but choose not to work
Act provide poor relief throughout Charles I reign
1631- issued ‘BOOK OF ORDERS’ to JPs
Provisions of poor relief BUT no new principles
Motivated more by fear of riots

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9
Q

Poor Relief After Restoration

A

Coincided w economic depression
Cavalier P passed ‘POOR RELIEF ACT’ 1662
Powers to local admin to restrict movement of individuals claiming poor relief
“settlement certificates”
Only entitled relief if settled fro 40 days
Manipulated by parish officials - sent poor away
Easier for parish to expel newcomers
Vagrants arrest & sent to colonies for 7 years

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10
Q

Power of Nobility

A

Commanded highest status
Held land , prop & titles
Often HOL
Boundary between bob & gent - difficult to define & possible for gentlemen to be wealthier & more influential

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11
Q

Gentry

A
Number inc 300% Tudor - middle 17th 
Dominate politics 
15,000 
12,000 lower 3,000 higher 
No. small but controlled immense amount of land & wealth 

Half of all wealth & prop - Gentry
15% nob

BEFORE Civil War - role enhanced - Most MPs - Charles turned to them to fight Scots
Power peaked - Interregnum - essential for running gov

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12
Q

Merchants

A

Growth in power & Influence
64,000 trading 1688
30,000 1580

Small but wealthy class - developed in context of increasing urbanisation
Not same respect as land elites - successful merchants aimed to retire & set up in countryside

Growth of London contributed to their importance

Some purchases Earldoms, Knighthoods to ensure fam future in aristocracy
Knighthoods for commercial success

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13
Q

Navigation Act 1651

A

Restricted use of foreign ships in trade out of England

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14
Q

Navigation Act 1660

A

No. of commodities only be shipped in English Vessels

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15
Q

Professionals

A

No rose direct result of rising living standards
Quality of life grew
demand for legal services, healthcare, buildings, education

Grays INN 120 Barristers 1574
200+ 1619
INNs of Court 90% of 1,700 students sons of nobility & gentry
rest profess / merchants

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16
Q

WOMEN

A
Few rights 
unmarried - suspicion - witchcraft 
Run households & bring up children 
Record keeping - read/write 
Agricultural - physical work 
BIBLE - views women irrational, devious, threat to society
17
Q

Women - punishments

A

Guilty of gossiping - Brank - over head - humiliation
Deviated from behaviour - witch

1642 - men gone to fight - opp for women
More common in gentry families - estates to run

Adultery Act 1650
mans sexual misdemeanours - lesser crime
Middlesex - 24 W 12 M tried 1650s
Devon Male = 10% of 225 charges 1650s

18
Q

Puritanism on Women

A

Advocated widespread education
Necessary for women to read - instruct children in RE
Limited - believed too highly educated - dangerous

Quakers - advocated womens ed
Founded 4/15 sch est willing to teach girls

19
Q

Protests - Women

A

6,000 petitioned for peace Aug 1643

John Lilburne Leveller leader imprisoned - Wife Elizabeth petitioned for release 10,000 sig

Middle cent - best chance for women

20
Q

Impact of legal changes

A

Quakers women right to speak up in church & give opinion
only 1% of pop 1680

1660 - Charles II lifted restrictions on women performing in stage plays
More to do w love of theatre than advancing role of women

Marriage Act 1653 - civil marriages - ignored - no power

21
Q

Science, Philosophy, Politics

A

Civil War
Execution C
Collapse of censorship
opp arose for radical political ideas to emerge

5Th monarchists

22
Q

Levellers

A
1645- Radicalism in army 
Widening voting franchise 
Agreement of the people 
HOC - central body 
HOL - abolished
New const 
People equal before the law 

Short lived - leaders imprisoned
BUT ideas influenced later democratic movements

23
Q

Ranters

A

Small group of preachers
Those predestined to be saved by God - incapable of sin
Believed immoral, sexual behaviour, drinking, swearing & crime - legitimate
1651 - leaders imprisoned
Effectively banned by Blasphemy Act 1650
Fear - more important than genuine threat they posed
Fear to pass acts

24
Q

Diggers

A
Dig on common land 
Weybridge Surrey April 1649 
became small community 
Advocated abolition HOL & monarchy 
Laws invalid by kings death 
Angry opp from local landowners & farmers
25
Q

Seekers and Quakers

A

Churches unecessary - God within
1650-52 - George Fox preaching success
Wondering preachers could be arrested BUT
movement flourished 1660s - 35,000

26
Q

PHILOSOPHY

A

1625 - England confessional state
1688 - Not
Although confessional state technically restored 1660
intervening years of freedom & toleration - strengthened opp to point it could not be eradicated

LAID SEEDS OF SECULAR STATE

27
Q

Philosophy - Thomas Hobbes

A

Book - Leviathan 1651
Tutor to Charles II
fled to Paris - fearing target for Royalist sympathies

Idea people are guided by a lust for power of by fear of what will happen to them as a consequence of their struggle for power

Belief people should have individual liberties - only if strong ruler is in charge
Justification for Stuart monarchy

28
Q

Philosophy - John Locke

A

Liberalism
Influenced Whigs at Westminster - 18th Century
opposed absolute monarchy
Father of “empiricism” conclusions only through experience or through observing the experience of others

29
Q

Empiricism

A

Belief knowledge can only come about as a result of experience
Believed men born free & no one has divine right and all equal under God

To prevent abuse of power
Branches - separate

30
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

Emergence of modern scientific ideas
Developments
Copernicus - Q ancient astronomical belief earth was centre of universe
Galileo - 4 moons - Jupiter
Early appreciation of tides in relation to rotation of earth

31
Q

Francis Bacon

A

No Scientific Discovery
Wanted to pursue experimental & rational concepts

Scientific discovery - best aided by accumulating as much data as poss
Rejecting an preconceived theories/conclusions about subject

After death - other scientists tried to emulate ‘Baconian Method’
Best evidence of influence - founding of Royal Society nearly 40 years after death

32
Q

Isaac Newton

A

MOST INFLUENTIAL SCIENTIST IN HISTORY ??
Gravity & Laws of motion & calculus & classical mechanics
Invention - reflective telescope
1687 - most famous discovery - universal gravitation

33
Q

Royal Society

A

1645 - group of philosophers formed ‘invisible college’
Formally established 1662
Met once a week
Included men from all areas of intellectual study
Most early experiments used Baconian Method

1684 - solely scientific
Oxford & Cambridge - not attract best scholars religious nonconformists excluded
Genuinely engaged in pushing boundaries of science used society

Knowledge used for public good rather than to fulfil small group of elites
1665 - first scientific jounral
Encouraged foreign
Sharing - greatest strength
Public anatomy lessons - dissections on criminals

1688 - SCIENCE PART OF PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS NOT VIEWED w SUSPICION

34
Q

CONCLUSION

A

Structure of society not dissimilar to 1625
Poor still poor
Increase in pop - huge pressures on London
Women not shifted - Quakers
Religious conformity - Restoration
BUT
Seeds of change
Locke influence development carried into 18th cent
Scientific - desire to Q accepted systems - achievement of cent.