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Britain > Political Stability > Flashcards

Political Stability Flashcards

1
Q

Charles bein annoying

A

1625-29 called 3 P
Secure finance for FP

Short period indicates relationship - rapid deterioration 
trust broke: 
Religion 
FP 
Finance - refused Tonnage & Poundage
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2
Q

Religion Charles I

A

tension
Arminianism - alienated political class- Catholicism
Promoted Richard Montagu to Royal Chaplin
Duke of B - favour of Arminianism at York House Conference 1626
William Laud - Bishop of London 1628

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3
Q

FP

A 
Cadiz Spain 
Help Protestant French Huguenots - defeated La Rochelle 
Humiliations 
Duke of Buckingham - blame impeachment 
Assass 1628 inc hostilities
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4
Q

Finance Charles I

A 
Tax needed P approval 
1625 2 subsidies £70,000 X2 
C needed £1 mill - P refused 
Dissolved P 
Levied forced loan worth 5 subsidies
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5
Q

5 Knights Case

A

refused to pay forced loan
refused bail
C absolutist intentions
Taxing w/o consent , imprisoning as wished

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6
Q

Petition of Right 1628

A

Called 3rd P
Immediate granting of taxes - P NO
Until grievances addressed - Petition of Right
-No tax w/o consent
-No imprisonment w/o cause
-No martial law to punish ordinary offences by military

King accepted petition - not traditional form of words
denied lawful status

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7
Q

3 Resolutions

A

MP direct statement of their concerns
Denounced arminianism
Encouraged merchants to refuse to pay tonnage

10th March 1629
C dissolved P started personal rule

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8
Q

Personal Rule Finance

A 
Peace w France 1629 & Spain 1630 
reduce costs 
Exploited traditional feudal dues 
Monopolies & Ship money 
National Tax 1635 - £200,000 annually
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9
Q

Hampden

A

Oct 1637

Challenged legality of Ship Money
Trial = test case on legality
Upheld 7/12 judges
Confirmed King could raise taxation w/o P approval

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10
Q

Religion Personal Rule

A

Arminianism
Archbishop C - 1633
‘beauty of holiness’

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11
Q

Opp to Arminianism

A

Little opp
More radical Puritans
Limited examples - passive acceptance ?

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12
Q

Scotland

A

1637 attempt to impose Prayer Book
RIOTS
1638 - NATIONAL COVENANT
swearing to resist all change

BISHOPS WAR
well organised & motivated
C - poor

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13
Q

Collapse of Personal Rule !!!

A

1640 called P
short p
3 weeks
refused MPs demands to remove laudianism & end practice of feudal dues

C determined to force Scots to comply
Lack of finance undermined attack
1st War End- Treaty of Berwick

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14
Q

Scots invade Newcastle

A

C forced to negotiate C paid £850 a day until settlement
Treaty of Ripon
Troops sympathised for Scot

Sep 1640 called Long P

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15
Q

Division & Drift to CW

A

MP united against abuse of personal rule

1640 Root and Branch Pet
10,000 Puritans
remove bishops

1641 Bill of Attainder - justify execution of C Principal Minister Thomas Wentworth
needed less evidence if regarded threat to state

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16
Q

Milita Bill 1641

A

Irish Threat - catholic
C did not leave Scot
P raised army
Threat to Prerogative

Grand Remonstrance 1641
stated C faults since 1625
Not trusted w army

Moderates didnt see point in bringing up grievances

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17
Q

Lead up to CW

A

Rumour of impeachment of Queen
Pimms Junto - tensions
Pressuring to make const changes
Impeachment against Privy Councillers

Army sent to arrest 5 leading mem of Parliament
forewarned fled
Intimidated C left London
Commons & Lords passed Milita Bill

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18
Q

Nineteen Propositions

A 
1642 
P approve Privy 
Milita - P control 
Reform of Church 
P supervise upbringing of C children

Severity suggests not seriously intending to negotiate

JULY P raise army under Earl of Essex
Aug - C raised standard at Nottingham & declared war

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19
Q

First Civil War

A

C strong position at outbreak - nob & gentry support
Royalist generals - 30 years war

Edgehill - royalist victory
But held up at Turnham Green by a large band of volunteers prevented from taking capital

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20
Q

First Civil War

A

Royalists organised to make 3 pronged attack
prevented - P control of Navy
Naval Bases Hull, Plymouth, Gloucester - stronghold for P

P control superior finances
1643 - Solemn League & Covenant
Promising P help

Marston Moor - Yorkshire comprehensive victory for P forces

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21
Q

NEW MODEL ARMY

A

Self- Deny Ordinance
all mem of P resign military commands
replaced by Generals of proven ability

Sir Thomas Fairfax - army
Oliver Crom - Cavalry

Final Key Battle - Naseby
June - royalists overwhelmed

C surrendered to Scots

22
Q

Newcastle Propositions 1646

A

Political Presbyterians sought compromise w Propositions

Bishops abolished
Strict anti-catholic laws to be enforced
P control armed forces for 20 years

Jan 1647 - Scots handed King to P
negotiations broke down

23
Q

Heads of Proposals 1647

A

Considered dibanding NMA w/o arrears of pay
Politicised army
June army gained custody of King
own proposals

Moderate -suggests army wanted long term stability

P meet every 2 years
Constituencies reorganised
Bishops remain

Charles engaged in secret discussions w Scots
Agreement Dec 1647
impose Presbyterianism in Eng - 3 yrs in exchange for army

24
Q

SECOND CIVIL WAR

A

Short but fiercely fought
Fairfax put down royalists in south
Crom destroyed Scottish army Battle of Preston

Army leadership published Remonstrance
King - guilty of high treason for starting 2nd
Trial
P voted for continue negotiations - Pridges Purge

25
Q

Pridges Purge

A

Troops arrested 45 & excluded 186 from Commons

26
Q

Trial of Charles I

A

Jan 1649
Tried
Refused to accept any court had power to place divinely appointed monarch on trial

Court - guilty of all charges
DEATH

EXECUTED 30 JAN 1649

27
Q

RUMP Parliament

A

Over 100 reforms first year
1652 only 50

May 1649 abolished Monarchy & HOL
Declared Eng Commonwealth

NMA - threat from Scot and Ireland
delayed any confrontations w/ P

Conservative MPs less likely to enact reforms

28
Q

Ireland

A 
P feared poss Irish invasion 
Cromwell landed 1649 
BRUTAL 
Garrison at Drogheda - massacred - refused to surrender 
Wexford - similar fate
29
Q

Scotland

A

Grave threat to Repub rule
Scottish officer David Leslie - powerful army to Charles II 3rd Civil War

Cromwell defeated 1650 at Dunbar
1651 destroyed Charles II armies at Worcester

Charles II fled into exile

Success Ireland & Scot - ensured survival of Repub gov

30
Q

Failure of Rump

A

Conservative nature of many MPs
Limited finances - less inclined to initiate any signif reform
Threat from Ireland & Scot
Fear of religious groups
Fear of NMA - Pridges Purge - Asserted army dominance
Dutch Wars - resources & time used - broke out 1652
Cromwell dissolved by force

31
Q

Nominated Assembly 1653

Barebones

A

Composed of mem nominated by gov
religious radicals determined to establish godly rule

Civil Marriage legalised
Registers for births, marriages, deaths established
Revenue system reformed

Lost support from political classes w/ more radical proposals inc abolish tithe

32
Q

End of Commonwealth 1653

A

Instrument of GOV
written const - aimed at long term stability
Replaced by Protectorate

Gov - carried out by a Council of State
Parliament elected 3 years
Cromwell - Lord Protector

33
Q

Role of Cromwell

A

Emerged national figure through military success during civil war
Political influence diverted due to campaigns against Scots& Irish

Commander in Chief NMA June 1650
Return to Lon to impose himself on political process

34
Q

First Protectorate

1654-55

A

Hoped to bring stability
Met Sep 1654
Displayed no harmony
100 members refused to accept Instrument of Gov & withdrew from P

Attempts made to reduce army & powerful attacks mounted against principle of religious liberty

Crom dissolved jan 1655

35
Q

Rule of the Major Generals

A

Royalist Rebellion unsuccessful but showed needed a strong new form of gov

Direct military rule
11 generals
National reform of morals & behaviour
Empowered to suppress taverns, brothels, punish adultery, blasphemy & drunkenness

Rule - highlighted the fundamental tensions between reform & stability

36
Q

Second Protectorate 1656-58

A

Again 100 MPs excluded

March 1657 - presented Crom w Humble Petition and Advice
offered Crown
Strong opp from army & religious radicals
refused
DID accept Lord Protector for life & power to choose his successor

37
Q

End of Protectorate

1658-1660

A 
Crom died  1658 - succeeded - son 
Army did not like Richard - no political experience 
no strong links w NMA 
forced from office by army leaders 
CHAOTIC INSTABILITY 
Order restored by General George Monck 
crossed into England jan 1660 
elections held for new P 
Convention P - April 1660 
29 May 1660 - Charles returned
38
Q

Declaration of Breda

A

promised : Listen to advice of P
Indemnity - people would not be persecuted for actions during CW except those involved in execution / resisted CII

Land settlement disputes - solved by P
Payment of NMA wages

39
Q

Search for Stability

A

P gave CII less money - early tension
CII claimed divine right - claimed ruled 12 years - ignored Repub rule - undermined P
C & Convention P attempted to ensure political stability
Act of Indemnity & Oblivion - general pardon
Land confiscated restored to OG owners
Saw peaceful dismantling of NMA
Anglican Church restored

40
Q

Religious Settlement 1662-64

A

Determined to restore Anglican church & persecute Non conformists

1661 - Corporation Act - only Anglicans hold office in local corporations - weakened Puritan power & influence

1662 - Quaker Act - financial penalties on Quakers

1662 - Act of Uniformity - all clergymen to accept anglican doctrines - hundreds priests driven from livings

1664 - Conventicle Act - No more than 5 in dissenting assemblies

41
Q

Settlement of Gov & finance

1660-64

A

P most influential form of power - finance - limit Charles
On surface received generous settlement £1.2 mill
New Hearth Tax 1662 - fireplaces
Not enough to make independent
Always reliant on further P finance

BUT Cavalier P replaced Triennial Act 1664 w weaker version

42
Q

Fall of Clarendon 1667

A

Edward Hyde
Responsible for humiliating defeat in 2nd Dutch War
Dutch attacked English at river Medway
Charles directed P anger at Clarendon
fled to France 1667
Removal of Clarendon
led to group of diverse ministers ‘the Cabal’ filling his role

43
Q

Secret Treaty of Dover 1670

A

Charles & Louis XIV
agreed to join France in any future French war against Dutch
MPs unhappy & suspicious of relationship

Charles agreed to convert to Catholicism in return for a pension from French

44
Q

Third Dutch War

1672-74

A 
V unpopular decision 
Declaration of Indulgence 1672 - substantial freedom for dissenters & Catholics 
Bankrupt 1672 
Stop of the Exchequer 
1673 forced to withdraw Declaration

Test Act 1673 - required all office holders to declare opp to Catholicism
Bro - Duke of York - excluded from high office
Fall of cabal

45
Q

Exclusion Crisis 1678-81

A

1678- wild allegations made against Catholic nobles & Queen
Planning to murder king
place duke of york on throne

Popish Plot - fabricated
Gave p opp to denounce King ministers
forcing C to dissolve Cavalier P 1679

46
Q

Exclusion Parliaments 1679-81

A

Proposed Bill to exclude Duke of York from succession to throne
Generated political debate
Supported by mass demonstrations in favour

2 P dissolved
3rd met Oxford 1681 - CII received large financial subsidy from Louis XIV - greater independence able to refuse P demands & dissolve

47
Q

Whigs & Tories

A

Exclusion Crisis led emergence of 2 political groups
Whigs - supported exclusion - Toleration of Catholics - lead to royal absolutism
Tories - strong belief in power of monarch & hereditary succession & respect for authority

48
Q

After Oxford P

A

Rye House Plot - Conspiracy by Cromwellian officers to murder the King
Failed by CII used it to arrest leading whigs & further weaken opp
CII defied Triennial Act by failing to summon p 1684

49
Q

Collapse of Monarch !

A

Charles died Feb 1685
James - throne
called P - Tory in outlook - granted substantial funding
Within 3 years had dissipated their goodwill
Destroyed any chance of political stability
Extraordinary lack of political judgement in supporting catholicism openly

Godden v Hales Case -
accused Hales of trying to become army general whilst being Catholic
James defended Hales - TENSION

50
Q

Support for Catholicism

A

Appointed catholics to no of offices - Privy Council , Universities & officers in army
Over 200 Catholics replaced prot as JPs

Declaration of Indulgence 1687
suspended all laws against catholics & dissenters

Political classes hoped James reign would not last long - prepared to accept reign

Protestant daughter - Mary - heir

51
Q

THE END

A

APRIL 1688 - 7 Anglican Bishops refused to read Declaration
trial & acquitted

June Birth to Son - threatened permanent establishment of Catholicism

7 leading politicians invited W&M to protect English Church & country’s liberties
William landed NOV - James fled to France
Dec - offered crown

Britain (4 decks)

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