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Britain > Economy, Trade & Empire > Flashcards

Economy, Trade & Empire Flashcards

1
Q

Agriculture

A

New Crops
Diets improved & soil fertility
Poor still bread
Development of market garden - 100s of fruit & veg

Average no. of days worked per farm 405
compared 266 1450
Pop growth - need efficiency

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2
Q

Enclosure

A 
Consolidating scattered holdings into blocks of land
fencing them off 
ensured equal spread of crop production 
break free of subsistence farming 
most enclosure agreements - informal

Social conditions less harmonious & not successful
Bucks - Sherrington - freeholders who had been gaining land since 16th cent driven out bc indebtedness after 1660 - as a result of enclosure
Couldnt compete w larger farms

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3
Q

Farming techniques

A

Higher utilisation of land - successful farm
Crops selected - soil suitability
Crop rotation increased. Traditionally 1/3 of fields left empty for nutrients to inc - lower yield
Enclosure - better yields more land available for rotation
1700 - 9 mill acres used
1.8 mill left fallow

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4
Q

Dutch innovation

A

Immigrants did work needed to improve irrigation & cultivate new crops
Dutch innovations - nitrogen rich crops
Clover & Cabbage - fertile soil

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5
Q

CROPS

A 
Flax - Linen 
Hemp - Rope 
Hops - beer 
benefited from crop rotation 
More efficient crop rotation - intro of new crops & more experiments
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6
Q

Water Meadows

A

Diverting water from river to field
Regulated by gates & Dams
Damp soil encourages crops to grow earlier

Sheep & cattle fed on grass during spring & moved on in summer to let grass grow & hay be harvested
Ensured animals well fed in winter

Horses used over oxen
630,000 1700
compared 300,000 1600

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7
Q

Specialised Farming

A

Regions specialised depending on conditions
South East - arable farming
North West - pastoral
Transport improved - farmers could concentrate on products best suited to local conditions

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8
Q

Yeomanry

A

owned large amounts of land - generally sheltered from possibility of poor harvest
Able to experiment w new techniques & crops

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9
Q

Husbandmen

A

mixed fortunes & grew in numbers
farmed land less than 40 acres
dedicate one product for community
too little to make substantial profit

Slow to take up specialisation & new techniques
100% sure they would benefit

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10
Q

Growth of Employment

A

small tenants suffered bc of enclosure
small holding - unsustainable
large farm jobs secure
Settlement Act 1662 - easier to hire labourers from other parishes

towns - ports - more opp
difficult - 7 years - apprenticeships

1688 - 364,000 families of labourers

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11
Q

Capital investment in Agriculture

A

farmers taking risks & experiments w new tech
gentry & nobility - afford to modernise
Buy from neighbouring farms - enclose & invest
1650 pop growth slowed - deflation , modernise large farms cheaply
Farmers - supplied to where demands - high
Big farms needed managing - tenant farms - profitable
landlords invest in tenants - loans to modernise

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12
Q

National Markets

A 
Demands from London & Other Towns 
Required roads , more stock 
Develop - provide fresh food 
London thrived - close to countryside 
Roads developed 1650+ - demand for goods

Turnpike Act 1663- creation of new toll roads opened by merchants & businessmen

1657 - stage coaches - London to Bristol & Bath

First road atlas 1675

Rivers not navigable for entire length 1600

Coal importance - transported under navy protection

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13
Q

CANALSSSSSS

A

Dredging & Widening Rivers began Tudor
End 17th - Severn, Ouse & Thames used to transport manufactured good as well as agricultural produce

But large no of farmers still supplied small local markets
National markets did not develop as well Scot & Ire
transport bad
Gov not willing to invest - Ireland colonial possession

Demand in London drained resources in SE - reducing standards of living
Prices of agricultural commodities 1650 6x higher than 1500

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14
Q

Cloth Trade

A

Wool trade - central to economic prosperity
Often small scale / home based
Textile industry - expanded substantially - inc in pop
more labour available
Cloth accounted for 92% exports out of London
finish & dye cloth - shipped to Holland

New Draperies - heavy wollen cloth - replaced w light - wool, linen, cotton & silk

Norwich & Chester - 1,500 Protestant Dutch immigrants settled in Colchester 1565-68
Innovations - frame knitting machine

1681 - French Protestant Huguenots emigrate after Louis XIV forced conversion to Catholicism

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15
Q

Growth of London

A

Heart of Road & Shipping network
Revisionists - London grew bc of minor developments not one major advancement
Banking & insurance - employment opp
centre of legal system
Road & River transport improved
Wealth made London more attractive to live

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16
Q

Growth of Banking & Insurance

A

Essential for development of economy & international trade
The Royal Exchange - first commercial building for brokers
Bills of Exchange - used w interest added to the loan
Royalist landowners - turned to London after CW
First cheque 1659
Goldsmith bankers - success
Merchants w gold - deposited Royal Mint - Charles I seized 1640 - storing w Goldsmiths - safer

17
Q

Insurance

A

Many merchants reluctant - insurance high rates
some companies wealthy enough to accept risk

Fire insurance - Germany ‘fire funds’
1666 - great fire
Act 1667 rebuild city
Insurance essential to growth of prosperous economy & dev of more formal banking

Ship insurance - sunk - got money back - continue trading - take more risks w expeditions

18
Q

Imperial Expansion

Tobacco

A

Colombus discovered Am
Atmosphere for western Expansion
Desire for Gold
1607 - Jamestown colony - tobacco trade
Not as valuable as gold BUT first cash crop exploited in Eng
Importance 1669- Adultery & fornification 1000lbs of tobacco

Helped Britain compete w other powers in N Am
Stuart Econ boost
Custom duties taxed on tobacco
1700- 2 mill lbs of tobacco exported from N Am Colonies

Providence Island Company - 1629 - Prominent Puritans John Pym , John Hampden - financial interest

Massachusetts Bay Colony - 20,000 Puritans 1630
Height of Laud Persecutions

19
Q

Caribbean

A

Colonial success
Result of Spanish conquest
small no of settlers moved to St Kitts 1624 Grow tobacco
Spanish sea power declined - British colonists opp to occupy: Monserrat, Barbados & Antigua
Primary crop - sugar 1674
Expansion of slave trade

Grand Western Design - Interregnum - disrupt Spanish monopoly on trade in region

20
Q

Jamaica

A 
Spanish not defeated until 1660 
English gov - patents to wealthy merchants & gentry to cultivate land 
large estates created 
large scale slavery 
1670 slave pop 7,000 
1713 - 55,000 
Climate sugar, cocoa & coffee

Treaty of Madrid 1670 - ships permitted to sail freely between Caribbean islands

21
Q

Navigation Acts & Mercantilism

A

Sudden growth in international trade

  1. Royal Navy - growing influence enforced english supremacy at sea
  2. War - spread of protestantism & loss of territory - gradual decline in Spanish Catholic Empire

Navigation Act - reduce trading strength of other naval powers
1651 - 1st Rump - goods imported to Eng - carried on English ships
remove dutch monopoly
All crews at least half eng

22
Q

Modified Nav 1660

A

acts repealed
new Act
confirmed earlier leg
banned imports & exports carried on foreign ships
Long list of goods - only shipped to Eng & colonies

23
Q

Staple Act 1663

A

Goods shipped had to pass through Eng - cornerstone of commercial expansion

24
Q

Plantation Duty Act 1673

A

Ensured captains of English Ships delivered specified goods to England only or faced financial penalty

25
Q

East India Comp

A

Dev trade w East
1600 - 42 London merchants founded
Est port at Bantam Island of Java
First shipment of Potassium Nitrate for soil fertiliser & gunpowder arrived in India 1626
Peace w Portuguese 1635 - improved trade relations west coast

Charles II marriage to Catherine of Braganza
dowry included island of Bombay
first shipment of tea 1664
Private army created

26
Q

Triangular Trade

A

Basic system 1510
Spanish & Port dominated
sold for produce - tobacco, sugar, cotton
Merchants - profits - purchases and sold much higher than OG price
British not involved until 16th
1640 no slaves in english colonies
1660 slavery into most law
Anglo - Dutch wars - English success- Dutch posts West Africa

Royal African Comp 1672
British dominated slave trade & had army & advanced ships
Added to massive wealth in London

27
Q

Conclusion

A

Changes in agri - techniques cash crops
crops grown - improvement in economic conditions
London centre of trade
Rivalry w Dutch compete w Holland on world stage
British Supremacy at sea
Lack of agri change in some areas
Some changes in transport - turnpike at end of cent - disrupted by weather & unreliable
Coal & tin mining - well established - but slow & inefficient

Britain (4 decks)

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