Social Influence - Group Influences Flashcards
Group Influences
list 4 effects that the presence of others can have on an individual
1) social facilitation
2) social inhibition
3) social loafing
4) deindividuation
Group Influences
list 2 effects that occur when the mere presence of other people affects a person’s task performance
1) social facilitation
2) social inhibition
Group Influences
this refers to an improvement in performance and affects easy & well-learned tasks
social facilitation
Group Influences
this refers to a decrease in performance and affects difficult & unfamiliar tasks
social inhibition
Group Influences
this theory of group influence proposes that social faciliation & social inhibition occur because the presence of others increases psychological arousal, and then strengthens the dominant response, which is usually the correct response for an easy task & an incorrect response for a difficult task
Zajonc’s (1980) drive theory
Group Influences
this occurs when members of a group contribute less to the group’s output then they would have done if working alone
social loafing
Group Influences
list 2 terms that are associated with explanations for social loafing
1) diffusion of responsibility
2) decreased evaluation apprehension
Group Influences
this term, associated with social loafing, occurs when people who are working with others on a collective task feel less motivated to exert effort and less responsible for task outcomes
diffusion of responsibility
Group Influences
this term, associated with social loafing, occurs because, when people are working on a collective task, they’re less concerned that their contribution to the task will be identified and judged by others
decrease in evaluation apprehension
Group Influences
list 5 instances when social loafing is less likely to occur
1) when a group is small & cohesive
when group members believe:
2) that the task is personally meaningful
3) they’ll be punished for poor performance
4) their individual contributions are necessary for a successful outcome
5) their individual contributions can be identified & evaluated
Group Influences
people from (western/eastern) cultures are more likely to engage in social loafing
western, individualistic
Group Influences
this refers to the loss of person’s sense of individuality & the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior
deindividuation
Group Influences
while the majority has informational & normative influence, a minority must rely on this & is most likely to persuade the majority when the minority consistently express their opinion without seemed to be too ____ or ____.
- behavioral style
- too rigid or dogmatic
Group Influences
Moscovici (1980) proposed that opinion change due to minority influence is more likely to lead to…; while opinion change due to majority influence is more likely to leade to…
private acceptance of the opinion (conversion); public acceptance (compliance)
Group Influences
Steiner (1972) proposed that the outcomes associated with group performance are affected by the type of task. List the 5 types of task
1) additive
2) compensatory
3) disjunctive
4) conjunctive
5) discretionary
Group Influences
according to Steiner (1972), on this type of task, group members work independently and the group’s output is the average of each member’s estimate, judgment, or other output
group performance is usually better than the performance of any individual member
compensatory
Group Influences
according to Steiner (1972), on this type of task, group members are required to choose the best solution, decision, or judgment from those provided by each group member, which is ordinarily the one provided by the most competent member
performance on a disjunctive task is equal to or less than the performance of the best group member
disjunctive
Group Influences
according to Steiner (1972), on this type of task, all group members must contribute to the task (e.g., the group’s ability to meet a deadline or the team’s time to finish a relay race)
performance of the entire group is limied by the contribution of the least capable member
conjunctive
Group Influences
according to Steiner (1972), on this type of task, group members decide how to combine the contribution of each member
group performance depends on how the contributions are combined
discretionary
Group Influences
according to Steiner (1972), when working on this type of task, it’s not necessary for group members to work together, and the final output is the sum of the contributions of each group member
group performance is better than the best group member’s performance
additive
Group Influences
this model of group development distinguishes between 5 stages: *forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning *
Tuckman & Jensen’s (1977) model of group development
Group Influences
this stage of Tuckman & Jensen’s (1977) model of group develpment is characterized by uncertainty about roles & responsibilities, reliance on the leader to guide them, & acting politely toward each other to avoid conflict
forming
Group Influences
this stage of Tuckman & Jensen’s (1977) model of group develpment is characterized by power struggles, conflicts over procedures, & a lack of trust
storming
Group Influences
this stage of Tuckman & Jensen’s (1977) model of group develpment is characterized by the growth of group cohesion & commitment, attempts to resolve conflicts & other issues that arose during the previous stage, & establshment of rules, procedures, & group norms
norming
Group Influences
this stage of Tuckman & Jensen’s (1977) model of group develpment is characterized by an emphasis on working efficiently & cooperatively to achieve group goals
peforming
Group Influences
this stage of Tuckman & Jensen’s (1977) model of group develpment is characterized by completing tasks, recognizing individual & group accomplishments, & either disbanding the group or continuing the group with new goals
adjourning
