Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy Flashcards
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
among affiliation research, one of the most frequently cited studies was conducted by Schachter (1959) - what were the findings
when highly anxious people were given a choice to wait along or with other participants, they chode to wait with other participants. But, when given the choice to wait alone or with non-participants, they chose to wait alone
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
describe Schachter’s (1959) conclusions from his study on affiliation
misery doesn’t love any kind of company, it loves only miserable company”
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
this theory has been used to explain the results of Schachter’s (1959) research and predicts that, in uncertain situations, people often compare themselves to others to obtain information about their own abilities, feelings, & other attributes
Festinger’s (1954) social comparison theory
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
list 4 factors affecting interpersonal attraction
1) exposure
2) similarity
3) fallibility
4) reciprocity
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
this refers to the tendency for people to come to like things simply because they see or encounter them repeatedly
mere exposure effect
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
some evidence suggests that the mere exposure effect applies when we initially have a mildly negative, neutral, or positive response to a person but not when?
when our initial response is extremely negative
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
this states that there’s a positive relationship between attitude similarity & attraction and that this relationship is due to the fact that interacting with people who have similar attitudes is reinforcing because it validates our views and produces good feelings
Byrne’s (1971) law of attraction
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
research on this concept has shown that attractiveness of a person who is perceived to be competent increases when that person commits a blunder, while the attractiveness of a person who is perceived to be mediocre decreases when they commit a blunder
i.e., the positive effect of a blunder for competent people occurs because it humanizes them
Aronson et al.’s (1966) research on the pratfall effect
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
this concept predicts that we like people who like us, and vice versa
the principle of reciprocity
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
list 2 modifications made to the principle of reciprocity as a result of Aronson & Linder’s (1965) research on the gain-loss effect
1) we’re more attracted to people who initially dislike us but then change their minds as they get to know us than we are to people who express constant liking for us
2) we’re less attracted to people who initially like us & then change their minds than we are to people who express constant dislike for us
i.e., in order of most attracted to - least attracted to:
1) people who initially dislike us, then change their mind
2) people who express constant liking for us
3) people who express constant dislike for us
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
according to Kenny (1994), this type of reciprocity refers to the degree to which likers are more likeable
generalized reciprocity
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
according to Kenny (1994), this type of reciprocity refers to the degree to which specific pairs of individuals like each other; research has found that the correlation for this type of reciprocity tends to be stronger
dyadic reciprocity
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
Buss et al. (1992) found that sexual & emotional infidelity elicit jealousy from both men & women, but that (men/women) respond more strongly to sexual infidelity, while (men/women) respond more strongly to emotional infidelty
men; women
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
list 1 criticism of Buss et al.’s (1992) research on sexual & emotional intimacy
methodology
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
this concept, provided as an explanation for the results of Buss et al.’s (1992) study on sexual & emotional infidelity, predicts that men & women have different expectations about the co-occurrence of sexual & emotional infidelity: men believe that, for women, being emotionally involved with someone does not necessarily require sexual involvement; but, when a woman is sexually involved, she’s also emotionally involved. In contrast, women believe that, for men, being sexually involved with someone does not necessarily require emotional involvement; but, when a man is emotionally involved, he’s also sexually involved
DeSteno & Salovey (1996) double-shot hypothesis
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
describe the findings from Buss’s (1989) research on gender differences in preferred characteristics of potential mates
women preferred characteristics related to earning capacity (e.g., industriousness & ambition)
men preferred characteristics related to their partners’ physical attractiveness
Affiliation, Attraction, & Intimacy
describe Buss & Schmitt’s (1993) explanation for findings from Buss’s research on gender differences in preferred characteristics
evolutionarily, differences reflect differences in reproductive goals
* the primary reproductive goal for women is to raise children, so they prefer men who have the resources needed to support family
* the primary goal for men is to maximize the number of offspring they produce and, consequently, they are most attracted to women whose physical appearance suggests health & fertility
i.e., men prefer a low wasit-to-hip ratio (WHR) of about 0.7 (waist circumference about 70% of the hip circumference), which is considered to be a marker of a woman’s good health & reproductive abilities
with a few exceptions, cross-cultural research has confirmed that the preference for a low WHR is universal (Saad, 2020)
