Social Influence Flashcards
1
Q
What is internalisation in the context of conformity?
A
When a person genuinely accepts group norms
Results in private as well as public change in beliefs; deep conformity leads to more permanent change.
2
Q
What characterizes identification in conformity?
A
When we identify with a group and so adopt their beliefs
Has elements of compliance (want to become part of the group) and internalisation (accept the attitudes as right and true).
3
Q
What is the definition of compliance in conformity?
A
Going along with others to gain their approval
Shallow conformity results in superficial change.
4
Q
What type of conformity results in private as well as public change in beliefs?
A
Internalisation
This leads to a more permanent change.
5
Q
What is shallow conformity?
A
Superficial change
This is associated with compliance.
6
Q
Fill in the blank: _______ is when we identify with a group and adopt their beliefs.
A
Identification
7
Q
True or False: Internalisation leads to temporary change in beliefs.
A
False
Internalisation results in more permanent change.
8
Q
What is the main finding from Sherif’s study regarding participants’ opinions and what level of conformity did this support?
A
Participants changed their opinions both in public and private
internalistation
In public, their results converged when tested as a group, and in private, their answers were more like the group estimates than their original guesses.
9
Q
What criticism is associated with the artificiality of tasks in Sherif and Asch’s studies?
A
The tasks were low in mundane realism, making them potentially inapplicable to real life - low external validity
This means that the findings may not generalize well to everyday situations.
10
Q
What behavior did participants exhibit in Asch’s study to support compliance?
A
Participants agreed with the group publicly and gave false answers despite knowing the right answer.
This behavior was motivated by the desire to fit in with the group.
11
Q
What is conformity?
A
The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.
Conformity can occur in response to real or imagined group pressure.
12
Q
What is informational social influence?
A
The influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality.
It often occurs in unfamiliar situations.
13
Q
What motivates informational social influence and what does it lead to?
A
The need to be right and this influence is likely to lead to internalisation.
14
Q
In what types of situations does informational social influence typically occur?
A
In unfamiliar situations.
This is when individuals are unsure and look to others for guidance.
15
Q
What is normative social influence?
A
The influence to conform to the positive expectations of others.
It is related to the desire to be liked.
16
Q
What motivates normative social influence?
A
The need to be liked.
This influence is concerned with what is considered ‘normal’.
17
Q
What is the likely outcome of normative social influence?
A
It is likely to lead to compliance.
Compliance involves publicly acting in accordance with social norms while privately disagreeing.
18
Q
What do people desire to avoid when influenced by normative social influence?
A
To not appear foolish.
This desire drives individuals to conform to group norms.
19
Q
What study supports ISI
A
Lucas
20
Q
In Lucas’s study, what factor influenced participants’ conformity?
A
The difficulty of the math problem
Participants conformed more when the problems were harder
21
Q
What is a key challenge in identifying the type of social influence at play in conformity?
A
It is difficult to separate NSI from ISI
In reality, it is likely a combination of both influences.
22
Q
What evidence supports normative social influence?
A
Asch’s experiment
Participants gave incorrect answers even when they knew the correct ones to fit in.
23
Q
Fill in the blank: Participants in Asch’s study conformed because they wanted to fit in, demonstrating _______.
A
Normative social influence
24
Q
True or False: Conformity can only be attributed to one type of social influence.
A
False
Conformity is likely influenced by both normative and informational social influences.
25
What was the main aim of Asch's research?
To investigate the extent to which social pressures from a majority group could influence a person to conform.
## Footnote
Asch's study involved participants making judgments about line lengths in the presence of confederates.
26
How many male graduates participated in Asch's study?
123 male graduates.
## Footnote
These participants were seated in groups with 6-8 confederates.
27
What task did participants have to perform in Asch's study?
asked to identify which of three comparison lines matched the length of a standard line
## Footnote
The task was straightforward, yet the presence of confederates influenced responses.
28
In how many critical trials did confederates give incorrect answers?
12 out of 18 critical trials.
## Footnote
This was designed to create social pressure on the participants.
29
What percentage of participants conformed to the majority at least once and why?
75%.
this indicates a significant influence of normative social influence as they did not want to be seen as "other" or been rejects
30
What was the error rate in Asch's control study with no confederates present?
1% error rate.
## Footnote
This highlights the strong influence of the majority in the experimental condition.
31
What was the conformity rate when the number of confederates was 3?
37.8%.
## Footnote
This indicates a notable increase in conformity due to group size.
32
What happened to conformity rates when the number of confederates increased beyond 3?
The effects were minimal.
## Footnote
This suggests diminishing returns in conformity with larger groups.
33
What effect did the introduction of dissenting confederates have on conformity and why?
Conformity rates dropped to an average of 25%.
The presence of dissenters provided participants with confidence in their own answers.
34
What was the predominant factor in reducing conformity according to Asch's conclusions?
Breaking the group’s unanimous decision.
## Footnote
This allowed participants to feel more secure in their individual judgments.
35
How did task difficulty affect conformity rates?
Conformity rates increased when the lines were made more similar.
## Footnote
This suggests that ambiguity in a situation increases the likelihood of conformity.
36
Fill in the blank: Asch's study suggested that _______ social influence was a significant factor in conformity.
normative.
## Footnote
Normative social influence occurs when individuals conform to be liked or accepted by the group.
37
What type of experiment was Asch's study?
Lab experiment
## Footnote
It had high levels of control.
38
What does high control in Asch's study increase?
Internal validity
## Footnote
Only one variable was manipulated at a time.
39
What aspect of Asch's study allows for checking reliability?
Easy to replicate
## Footnote
The study has been replicated several times.
40
What was the main finding of Perrin and Spencer's (1980) repetition of Asch's experiment?
Asch’s study may be era dependent Perrin and Spencer (1980) repeated Asch’s experiment. Out of 396 trials, only one participant conformed to the majority. This suggests Asch’s research may not be able to explain conformity today, as in the 1950s/60s, the McCarthy era made conformity necessary for survival. Therefore, Asch’s research may not accurately reflect conformity today, making the research limited.
41
What does the era-dependent criticism of Asch's study suggest?
It may not explain conformity today making research limited
## Footnote
The McCarthy era made conformity necessary for survival in the 1950s/60s.
42
What gender bias exists in Asch's original study?
Entirely male participants
## Footnote
Neto (1995) found differing conformity rates between genders.
43
According to Neto (1995), why do women conform more than men?
women being more concerned with social relationships and being accepted then men are.
44
What cultural bias is present in Asch's original study?
Entirely American participants
## Footnote
The USA is an individualist culture.
45
What did Bond and Smith find regarding conformity rates in China?
Much higher conformity rates
## Footnote
Due to emphasis on social position in the group.
46
What limitation does Asch's study have due to its cultural bias?
Limited in explaining conformity holistically
## Footnote
Different cultures have varying levels of conformity.
47
What was the setting of Zimbardo's research?
A mock prison in the basement of Stanford University
## Footnote
The study aimed to investigate conformity to social roles.
48
What criteria were used to select participants for Zimbardo's study?
Volunteers deemed 'emotionally stable'
## Footnote
Participants were chosen to ensure a baseline of mental stability.
49
How were the roles of guard and prisoner assigned in the study?
Randomly assigned
## Footnote
This random assignment was crucial for the study's design.
50
What method was used to heighten realism for prisoners?
Prisoners were arrested in their own homes
## Footnote
This added an element of authenticity to the mock prison environment.
51
What was the significance of using numbers instead of names for prisoners?
To dehumanize them
## Footnote
This practice aimed to emphasize their roles and reduce personal identity.
52
How did guards behave during the study?
Guards identified closely with their role. Their behaviour became more brutal and aggressive. Some of them appeared to enjoy the power they had over prisoners (enthusiasm)
53
What behavior did prisoners exhibit in response to the guards?
They became submissive and 'told tales' on others
## Footnote
This indicated a shift in social dynamics within the prison.
54
What extreme action did one prisoner take during the study?
Went on a hunger strike on day four, and one had a mental breakdown on day two.
## Footnote
This act of defiance was met with severe punishment from the guards.
55
What punishment was given to the prisoner on a hunger strike?
Forced feeding and confinement in a tiny dark closet and attempted to coerce compliance by having other prisoners chant he was a bad prisoner.
56
How did other prisoners react to the hunger striker?
He was shunned by the other prisoners
## Footnote
This response highlights the social dynamics and pressure within the prison environment.
57
What percentage of conversation among prisoners was about life in prison?
90%
## Footnote
This statistic shows the extent to which the prison environment consumed their thoughts.
58
What were the psychological effects on prisoners during the study?
Some had breakdowns and one developed a psychosomatic rash
## Footnote
These effects led to concerns about the well-being of the participants.
59
How long did the study ultimately run?
6 days instead of the planned 14
## Footnote
The study was stopped early due to ethical concerns.
60
What conclusion did Zimbardo reach regarding roles and behavior?
Roles affect behavior and identity
## Footnote
Participants behaved as if they were in a real prison rather than a psychological study.
61
True or False: Participants found it difficult to adopt their assigned roles.
False
## Footnote
Roles were very easily taken on by participants.
62
What measures were taken to ensure internal validity in the study?
* All volunteers were tested for emotional and psychological stability
* Roles of guards and prisoners were randomly assigned (no differences in conforming to roles e,g authoritarian personality)
63
What ethical concern was raised regarding protection from harm?
Many participants experienced psychological harm and misidentification
64
What was a concern regarding the right to withdraw?
Zimbardo’s dual role as researcher and superintendent
65
How did Zimbardo respond when participants asked to withdraw?
He responded as the superintendent, concerned about the running of his prison rather than participant safety
66
What did the BBC prison study show?
Very different results from Zimbardo's study, for example, when the prisoners united they could resist authority and challenge the guards, leading to a more balanced power shift.
67
What behavior did prisoners exhibit in the BBC prison study?
Prisoners took control of the mock prison and subjected the guards to harassment and disobedience
68
What theory does the BBC prison study support?
Social Identity Theory
69
What was observed about the guards in the BBC prison study?
Guards failed to develop a shared social identity as a cohesive group
70
How did prisoners identify themselves in the BBC prison study?
As members of a social group that refused to accept the limits of their assigned roles
71
What was the main objective of Milgram's research?
To study obedience to authority.
72
How many male participants were involved in Milgram's experiment?
40 male participants.
73
In Milgram's experiment, who was the 'learner'?
Always the confederate.
74
What role did the participant play in Milgram's experiment?
The 'teacher'.
75
What action did the teacher take in response to the learner's wrong answers?
Administered shocks.
76
What was the maximum voltage that participants believed they could administer?
450 volts.
77
What percentage of participants shocked up to the maximum voltage?
65%.
78
What did Milgram conclude about people's behavior in his study?
People readily obeyed orders.
79
What role did the authoritative figure play in Milgram's research?
It influenced the participants' willingness to obey.
80
What phrases did the psychologist use to encourage participants to continue?
"Please continue."
"The experiment requires that you continue."
"It is absolutely essential that you continue."
"You have no other choice, you must go on."
These are called prods
81
Fill in the blank: Participants believed the shocks were _______.
real.
82
How many participants administered shocks at 300 volts?
100 percent.
83
True or False: All participants refused to administer shocks above 300 volts.
False.
all except 5 went past 300 volts
84
What did Hofling et al. find regarding nurses' compliance?
21 of 22 nurses were willing to administer a potentially lethal dose of a drug when ordered by a doctor.
## Footnote
This finding supports the influence of situational factors on obedience.
85
What ethical issues arose from Milgram's study?
Broke right to withdraw, deception, and protection from harm.
## Footnote
These ethical guidelines were not established at the time of the study.
86
What percentage of participants were glad to take part in Milgram's study a year later?
84% were glad to take part.
## Footnote
This indicates a possible lack of awareness about the distress caused during the experiment.
87
What is a limitation regarding the population validity of Milgram's study?
Sample is unrepresentative as it only includes white US males. This limits the generalizability of the findings.
88
How did collectivist cultures respond in obedience studies compared to individualist cultures?
Collectivist cultures were more likely to obey.
## Footnote
This highlights cultural differences in obedience behavior.
89
What were Milgrams 3 variables
* Proximity
* Location
* Uniform
90
What was the obedience rate when the teacher and learner were in the same room?
40%
## Footnote
This proximity allowed the teacher to hear and see the learner, affecting compliance.
91
What was the obedience rate when the teacher was forced to place the learner's hand on the plate?
30%
## Footnote
This scenario created a more direct confrontation between the teacher and the learner.
92
What was the obedience rate when the experimenter left the room and issued instructions over the phone?
20.5%
## Footnote
The distance reduced the perceived authority of the experimenter.
93
What was the obedience rate in the original experiment conducted at Yale?
65%
## Footnote
This high rate was influenced by the prestigious location of Yale.
94
What was the obedience rate in a seedy office near town?
47.5%
## Footnote
The run-down location diminished the experimenter's perceived authority.
95
What effect did the experimenter's uniform have on obedience rates?
Lab coat and uniform symbolized authority
## Footnote
When instructions were given by an ordinary member of the public, the obedience rate dropped to 20%.
96
Fill in the blank: The obedience rate when instructions were given by an ordinary member of the public without a uniform was _______.
20%
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of perceived authority in obedience.
97
What study supports uniform playing an important role on obedience
Bickman’s field experiment
98
What role does uniform play in obedience according to Bickman's field experiment?
People passing by were more likely to obey tasks given by a person dressed as a guard than by someone in a suit and tie or a milkman's jacket.
## Footnote
This highlights the influence of authority and appearance on social compliance.
99
What gender differences did Milgram underestimate regarding social influence?
Women may be more susceptible to social influence than men.
## Footnote
This insight is supported by Eagly's research in 1978.
100
What criticism did Orme and Holland raise about the internal validity of Milgram's experiments?
Participants figured out that the shocks weren't real, leading to demand characteristics.
## Footnote
This suggests that participants' awareness could have influenced their behavior and the experiment's outcomes.
101
What is the agentic state?
A person sees himself or herself as an agent for carrying out another person’s wishes.
102
Autonomous state - agentic state
| picture
103
What is the autonomous state
where the individual is responsible for their behavior.
104
What do agents use to ignore the damaging effects of their actions?
Binding factors.
## Footnote
An example is the thought 'He was foolish to volunteer'.
105
In Milgram’s study, how were participants categorized?
As 'agents'.
106
What does 'legitimacy of authority' refer to?
the idea that we are more likely to obey someone we perceive as having legitimate power or social control in a situation, such as a police officer or teacher. Their authority is seen as justified by their role in the social hierarchy
107
Give an example of authority used for destructive purposes.
Hitler, Stalin.
108
In Milgram’s study, who was more likely to be obeyed?
The researcher from Yale University.
## Footnote
This was compared to an ordinary person giving the orders.
109
Fill in the blank: The agentic state is the opposite of the _______.
autonomous state.
110
True or False: The legitimacy of authority can only be used for positive purposes.
False.
111
Name a piece of research that supports legitimacy of authority
Bickman
112
What was the purpose of Bickman's experiment in New York?
To research support for legitimacy of authority.
113
What were the different outfits worn by confederates in Bickman's study?
* Security guard
* Civilian
* Milkman
114
How much more likely were people to obey the security guard compared to other confederates?
Twice as likely.
115
What limitation does the agentic shift explanation have?
Agentic shift does not explain why some of the participants did not obey. Humans are social animals and involved in social hierarchies therefore they should all obey
116
Name two pieces of evidence fpr cross cultural support for legimacy of authority
Kilham and Mann - australia
Mantell - germany
117
What was the percentage of participants who obeyed to the top of the voltage scale in Kilham and Mann's study in Australia?
16%.
118
What percentage of participants obeyed in Mantell's study in Germany?
85%.
119
What do the findings from Kilham and Mann and Mantell suggest about authority perception?
authority perception and obedience are influenced by cultural, historical, and societal contexts, with varying obedience rates reflecting different attitudes toward authority in different settings.
120
True or False: The results from different countries regarding authority perception increase validity.
True.
121
What is the definition of an authoritarian personality?
A distinct personality pattern characterised by strict adherence to conventional values and a belief in absolute obedience and submission to authority.
## Footnote
This personality type is often assessed using the F-scale developed by Adorno et al.
122
What does the F-scale measure?
It measures the authoritarian personality and aims to understand the anti-Semitism of the Holocaust.
## Footnote
A high score on the F-scale indicates a strong authoritarian personality.
123
How is an authoritarian personality said to be formed?
It is said to be formed in childhood due to harsh parenting, strict discipline, very high standards, and severe criticisms for past failings.
## Footnote
These factors contribute to the development of a rigid personality that values conformity and obedience.
124
True or False: The authoritarian personality is associated with a flexible adherence to values.
False
## Footnote
The authoritarian personality is characterised by strict adherence to conventional values.
125
Fill in the blank: The authoritarian personality is measured by the _______.
F-scale
## Footnote
The F-scale was developed by Adorno et al.
126
What childhood factors contribute to the formation of an authoritarian personality?
Harsh parenting, strict discipline, very high standards, severe criticisms for past failings.
## Footnote
These factors can lead to a personality that values obedience and submission to authority.
127
Name a piece of research supporting the authoritarian personality
Elms and Milgram
128
What did Elms and Milgram find regarding individuals with higher authoritarian personality scores?
Those who scored higher on the F-scale were willing to give bigger shocks suggesting a correlation between an authoritarian personality and willingness to obey.
129
What does the F-Scale measure?
Extreme right wing tendencies
## Footnote
The F-Scale is a psychological tool used to assess authoritarian personality traits.
130
What did Christie & Jahoda (1954) point out regarding political bias in authoritarianism?
The F-Scale only measures right-wing authoritarianism, but left-wing regimes (like Russian Bolshevism or Chinese Maoism) also show authoritarian obedience. This makes the theory politically biased and not a full explanation of obedience across all political beliefs.
131
Why is the dispositional explanation of obedience considered limited?
Social Identity provides a more realistic explanation as it considers the influence of group identity on behaviour rather than just individual personality traits.
132
What did many Germans do in relation to the Nazi state and anti-Semitism?
Identified with the anti-Semitic Nazi state and scapegoated blame to a group of Jews
## Footnote
This illustrates how social identity can shape attitudes and behaviors towards others.
133
Fill in the blank: The F-Scale measures _______.
[extreme right wing tendencies]
134
True or False: The theory of authoritarianism comprehensively explains obedience across the entire political spectrum.
False
## Footnote
The theory primarily focuses on right-wing authoritarianism and does not account for left-wing forms.
135
What is a key criticism of the authoritarian personality theory regarding politics?
It does not account for obedience across a whole political spectrum and can be politically bias
## Footnote
This limitation highlights the need for a broader understanding of social and political influences on behavior.
136
True or False: the authoritarian personality is a limited explanation
True
137
What is social support in the context of resistance to social influence?
Presence of other non-conforming individuals can reduce pressure to conform
## Footnote
As demonstrated by Asch's experiments, the presence of a dissenter, regardless of correctness, can bolster an individual's confidence.
138
What effect does having an ally have on an individual's confidence and conformity?
Increases confidence and reduces conformity
## Footnote
The presence of an ally can support an individual in making decisions against the majority.
139
Is the effect of social support on conformity long-lasting?
No, the effect is not long-lasting
## Footnote
While social support can temporarily boost confidence, it may not sustain resistance to social influence over time.
140
How does the presence of a disobedient peer affect obedience in Milgram's experiments?
Obedience dropped from 65% to 10%
## Footnote
Milgram's variations showed that having a disobedient confederate significantly reduced participants' willingness to obey.
141
What is the locus of control?
Sense of what directs events in our lives
## Footnote
Influences how individuals perceive their control over life outcomes.
142
What do individuals with an internal locus of control believe?
They are mostly responsible for their outcomes
## Footnote
Internals tend to resist pressure to conform due to their belief in personal responsibility.
143
What do individuals with an external locus of control believe?
Their outcomes are due to external forces or luck
## Footnote
Externals are more likely to obey and conform, as they attribute their actions to outside influences.
144
Fill in the blank: Internals are likely to _______ pressure to conform.
resist
145
Fill in the blank: Externals are likely to _______ and conform.
obey
146
Name a piece of supporting research for LOC
Holland
147
What percentage of internal participants did not continue to the highest shock level in Holland's replication of Milgram's study?
37%
## Footnote
This indicates that internals showed greater resistance to authority.
148
In Holland's study, what percentage of external participants did not continue at all?
23%
## Footnote
This highlights the difference in behavior between internal and external participants.
149
Name a piece of research that contradicts LOC
Twenge
150
What did Twenge (2004) find regarding obedience and locus of control over time?
Twenge found that over time, people became more resistant to obedience but also developed more external LOC. This contradicts the usual link between resistance and internal LOC, as resistance is typically associated with feeling more in control (internal LOC)
151
What was the implication of Twenge's findings regarding locus of control and resistance?
If linked to LOC, resistance would lead to more internal LOC
## Footnote
This contradicts the expected outcome based on the increase in resistance.
152
Name a piece of supporting research for social support
Gramson et al
153
What did Gamson et al. (1982) find in their study regarding peer support and resistance?
Gamson et al. found that when participants were in groups (with peer support), they were more likely to resist authority. In fact, 29 out of 33 participants (88%) rebelled and refused to sign a statement supporting unethical actions, showing that peer support helps people resist obedience to authority figures.
## Footnote
This indicates the significant role of dissenting peers in obedience.
154
What was the percentage of participants who rebelled in Gamson et al.'s study?
88%
## Footnote
Specifically, 29 out of 33 participants rebelled, showing the impact of peer support.
155
Fill in the blank: Internals showed greater resistance to _______.
authority
## Footnote
This is based on the findings from Holland's replication of Milgram's study.
156
True or False: Twenge's research supports the idea that people are becoming more internal over time.
False
## Footnote
Twenge found that people were developing more external LOC.
157
What is minority influence?
The process by which a smaller group influences the beliefs or behaviors of a larger group.
158
What does consistency in minority influence refer to?
Agreement across people (synchronic) and across time (diachronic).
159
What are the two types of consistency in minority influence?
* Synchronic consistency
* Diachronic consistency
160
What effect does consistency have on the majority group?
Makes others rethink their own views.
161
What is the role of commitment in minority influence?
Engaging in extreme activities to draw attention to their views, showing commitment to the cause.
162
What is the augmentation principle?
Majority group members pay more attention to the minority view when they see commitment to the cause.
163
Why is flexibility important in minority influence?
To avoid being seen as rigid and unbending, allowing for reasonable counter-arguments.
164
What can happen if a minority group is perceived as inflexible?
It is off-putting to the majority and unlikely to result in conversions to the minority position.
165
What did Moscovici's study involve?
Female participants were given an eye test and asked to identify the color of 36 slides of blue.
166
What were the two groups in Moscovici's study?
* G1: Confederates consistent in saying green
* G2: Confederates inconsistent, saying green 24 times and blue 12 times
167
What percentage of trials resulted in agreement with the minority in the consistent group?
8.42% of trials.
168
What percentage of participants agreed with the minority at least once in the consistent group?
32% of participants.
169
What was the agreement percentage in the inconsistent group?
1.25% of trials.
170
What does Moscovici’s study support regarding minority influence?
The importance of consistency if a minority is to influence a majority
## Footnote
Moscovici's study highlights that consistent behavior from a minority group can lead to greater influence over the majority.
171
What did the meta-analysis by Wood et al (1994) find about consistent minorities?
Consistent minorities are much more influential than those who are not thus supporting the idea of consistency
## Footnote
This meta-analysis included over 100 studies, reinforcing the idea that consistency plays a crucial role in minority influence.
172
What is a limitation of the research on minority influence?
Artificial tasks are removed from real-life scenarios, meaning there is low external validity making it difficult to generalize findings to actual behavior change.
173
Why might outcomes in real life be more significant than those in studies?
Outcomes are often of personal meaning, leading people to care more about their answers in real life than in studies like Moscovici's.
## Footnote
In real-life situations, individuals may have a deeper emotional investment in the outcomes compared to controlled study conditions.
174
What critique is made about the factors involved in minority influence?
It is too simplistic to assume there are only three factors involved
## Footnote
The dynamics of minority influence are more complex and can include additional factors such as zeitgeist.
175
What does the term 'zeitgeist' refer to in the context of minority influence?
The spirit of the time
## Footnote
This concept suggests that the prevailing mood or trends of an era can affect the success of ideas being presented by minorities.
176
Fill in the blank: A meta-analysis by Wood et al (1994) indicates that ______ minorities are more influential.
consistent
## Footnote
This finding emphasizes the role of consistency in minority influence.
177
How can minorities start to bring about social change?
By drawing the majorities’ attention to an issue
## Footnote
This process involves making the majority aware of specific social issues that may have been overlooked.
178
What is crucial for minorities to maintain in their views?
Consistency
## Footnote
Minorities must present a united front to be taken seriously by the majority.
179
What happens when the majority begins to think about an issue?
Deeper processing occurs
## Footnote
This involves the majority challenging their existing views regarding the issue.
180
What does the augmentation principle refer to?
Commitment through self-sacrifice
## Footnote
Minorities may demonstrate their dedication to their cause by making personal sacrifices.
181
What is the snowball effect in the context of social change?
A small impact by the minority grows until they become the majority
## Footnote
This transition often leads to the passing of Acts and new laws.
182
What is social cryptoamnesia?
Forgetting the reasons and actions behind past social changes
## Footnote
This phenomenon leads to a lack of acknowledgment of how social changes were achieved.
183
What is the order in which social change must occur
* Drawing attention to an issue
* consistency
* Deeper Proccessing
* Augmentation Principle
* Snowball effect
* Social cryptoamnesia
184
What does Moscovici's research support regarding consistent minorities?
Consistent minorities have more influence than inconsistent minorities
## Footnote
This finding increases reliability and validity
185
Name a piece of research against Social change
Bashir et al (2013)
186
What did Bashir et al (2013) investigate?
Reasons why people resist social change despite internal agreement on its necessity
## Footnote
Participants showed reluctance to behave environmentally friendly to avoid association with the minority group of 'tree huggers'.
187
What is a barrier to social change identified by Bashir et al (2013)?
Desire to not be associated with minority groups
## Footnote
This leads individuals to conform to the prevailing norms rather than advocate for necessary changes.
188
Which researchers' works are primarily criticized for methodological issues?
Moscovici, Asch, and Milgram
## Footnote
Their studies may lack validity due to artificial tasks that do not reflect real-world social change.
189
What is a methodological issue in Moscovici's experiment?
Lack of mundane realism
## Footnote
This suggests limitations in applying findings to actual social change scenarios.
190
True or False: Bashir et al (2013) found that people easily adopt environmentally friendly behaviors when they agree with the necessity of social change.
False
## Footnote
People may agree internally but resist due to social identity concerns.
