Social influence Flashcards
Types of conformity
Define the word conformity
adopting to the behaviours, beliefs etc of others
What is meant by internalisation?
when a person genuinely accepts the norms of a group.
DESCRIBE what kind of change happens to a person (their attitudes/behaviours) due to internalisation
-mention 2 things and why
-The change is permanent as attitudes have now been internalised
-It’s a long term change that remains both publicly and privately
What’s meant by identification?
When a person identifies with the group so they want to be a part of it- usually because there’s something in the group that they value.
DESCRIBE what kind of change happens to a person (their attitudes/behaviours) due to identification
-mention 2 things and elaborate on one of the points
-the change is short term
-the change is only public so that the person can be accepted by the group. Even if they don’t agree with everything the group does.
What is meant by compliance?
when a person simply ‘goes along with the flow’ when with others but doesn’t change their personal views and/or beliefs privately
What was Asch’s (1955) aim? (his study was on variables affecting conformity-not a hint)
To investigate whether people would conform, even when presented with an obvious answer
Describe the procedure of Asch’s (1955) investigation using standard and comparison lines
(there’s four bullet points)
-Lab experiment with 123 male American participants
-Participants were presented with 4 lines; 3 comparison lines and 1 standard line. They were asked to state which of 3 lines was the same length as the standard line
-Confederates gave the wrong answer in 12 out of 18 trials
-Out of a group of 6-8 people, the participant answered last or second to last.
What were the results of Asch’s (1955) study?
(mention two things)
-On average, participants agreed with the others’ incorrect answer 36.8% of the time (they conformed a third of the time)
-25% of the participants never gave the wrong answer/ never conformed.
What can be concluded from Asch’s (1955) study?
(mention two things)
-People will conform to group pressure. Even in situations with an obviously correct or incorrect answer.
-This suggests that people are very sensitive to the view of others.
What is meant by informational social influence (ISI)?
(also state what type of conformity it may also lead to)
An explanation of conformity that says we agree with the opinion of the majority because we believe it’s correct and want to be right as well .
This may lead to internalisation.
What is meant by normative social influence (NSI)?
(also state what type of conformity it may also lead to)
An explanation of conformity that says we agree with the opinion of the majority because we want to gain social approval and be liked.
This may lead to compliance.
What were the three variables in Asch’s (1955) study that could affect conformity?
-group size
-unanimity
-task difficulty
How did Asch (1955) investigate group size as a variable that could affect conformity?
-He varied the number of confederates in the group from 1-15.
What did Asch (1955) find when investigating group size as a variable that could affect conformity? (include a percentage)
-He found that conformity increased with group size when there were up to 3 confederates, rising to 31.8% but levelled off after that.
What kind of relationship was created between group size and conformity that Asch (1955) had noticed when investigating group size as a variable that could affect conformity?
a curvilinear relationship.
how did Asch investigate unanimity as a variable that could affect conformity?
Also mention what was done in two (of his own) variations of the study in order to investigate this variable
he introduced a confederate who disagreed with other confederates.
in one variation the confederate said the true answer and in another variation the confederate said an answer that was still wrong but different to the other confederates.
what did Asch find when investigating unanimity as a variable that could affect conformity?
state 3 things
-that the genuine participant conformed less often in the presence of a dissenter. (someone who objects the group opinion)
-the rate of conformity decreased to less than a quarter of the level it was when the majority was unanimous
-the presence of a dissenter appeared to free the genuine participant to behave more independently, even when the dissenter disagreed with the genuine participant.
what could be suggested about conformity by Asch investigating unanimity as a variable affecting conformity?
that its less likely to occur when the majority’s view is not unanimous.
How did Asch (1955) investigate task difficulty as a variable that could affect conformity?
What did this do to the participants?
-he increased the difficulty of the line-judging task by making the stimulus line and the comparison lines more similar to each other in length.
-it made it harder for participants to see the differences between lines.
What did Asch (1955) find when investigating task difficulty as a variable that could affect conformity?
conformity increased
what could be suggested about conformity by Asch investigating task difficulty as a variable affecting conformity?
that conformity increases when the task becomes more difficult bc the answer becomes more unclear to the participants which causes them to look for guidance.
What is one limitation of Asch’s research?
(related to the situation Asch used to study conformity)
one limitation of Asch’s research is that it lacks ecological validity
what evidence suggests that Asch’s research is limited?
(related to the situation Asch used to study conformity)
mention 2 things
-participants were asked to identify line lengths, which is a trivial/unimportant task that didn’t give them reason not to conform
-additionally, they may have been influenced by demand characteristics as they knew that they were in an experiment.