Attachment Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
define interactional synchrony
A
when a caregiver and infant reflect each other’s emotions and actions in a coordinated way
2
Q
define the term ‘reciprocity’ and give an example
A
-a form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness, with both infant and mother responding to each other’s signals, and each elicits a response from the other.
-smiling; when baby smiles, it triggers the caregiver to smile vice versa
3
Q
identify Schaffer’s stages of attachment
A
-asocial
-indiscriminate
-specific
-multiple
4
Q
how long is the asocial stage (Schaffer)?
A
0-6 weeks
5
Q
describe wht happens during the asocial stage
A
when very young infants react to stimuli, both social and non-social, produce a favourable reaction, such as a smile.
6
Q
give an example of social stimuli
A
seeing the caregiver or any other person
7
Q
give an example of non-social stimuli
A
a baby mobile or a toy
8
Q
how long is the indiscriminate stage ?
A
(6 weeks to 7 months)
9
Q
describe wht happens during the indiscriminate [attachment] stage ( mention 2 things)
A
-infants enjoy human company regardless of who it is and most babies respond equally to any caregiver.
-they get upset when an individual ceases to interact with them.
10
Q
how long is the specific [attachment] stage ?
A
(7 – 9 months)
11
Q
describe wht happens during the specific [attachment] stage
A
infants start to show the classic signs of attachment towards one person.
12
Q
according to Schaffer, at wht stage is a baby said to have formed a attachment w/ a specific person?
A
the specific stage
13
Q
what are the classical signs shown by an infant that indicate tht a specific attachment has been made?
A
-stranger & separation anxiety
14
Q
define wht’s meant by a primary attachment figure?
-as well as how they can be identified (2 things)
A
the person with whom the baby has formed a specific attachment with.
-this the person who offers the most interaction & responds to the baby’s signals with the most skill.
-NOT the one who is with the baby the most
15
Q
how old is a baby during the multiple attachment stage ?
A
around 10 months old+
16
Q
describe wht happens during the multiple [attachment] stage
-and what have the majority of 18mth infants been able to do at this point?
A
-babies becomes more independent + forms many attachments.
-by 18 mths, majority have formed multiple attachments.
17
Q
schaffer and emerson: wht did the study’s results indicate in regards to how attachments were made?
A
that attachments were most likely to form with those who responded accurately to the baby’s signals, not the person they spent more time with.
18
Q
what was the difference between how the MOTHERS of infants who had intense attachments and weak attachments behaved /interacted with their children?
think Schaffer and Emerson’s study
A
-Intensely attached infants had mothers who responded quickly to their demands and, interacted with their child.
- weakly attached infants had mothers who failed to interact.
19
Q
Who conducted research on the different stages of attachment?
A
Schaffer and Emerson
20
Q
Whats a strength of Schaffer and Emmerson’s research? (PEE)
-the 1st ‘E’ is more of an ‘outline’ (the way they researched it) explanation
A
P: It has good external validity
E: Most observations were made by parents during ordinary activities&reported to the researchers, rather than being observed by researchers present which may have distracted babies or made them more anxious
E: This means tht its highly likely tht the participants behaved naturally
21
Q
what was the aim of Schaffer and Emerson’s study?
A
to identify stages of attachment / find a pattern in the development of attachment between parents and infants
22
Q
who were the participants in Schaffer and Emerson’s study?
-include number of them and where they live
A
60 babies from Glasgow, all from the same estate.
23
Q
describe the procedure of Schaffer and Emerson’s study
(theres 4 steps. no2 requires a little more detail tho)
A
- they interviewed the carers
- the mum had to keep a diary to track of infant’s behaviour based on the following measures:
social referencing, any signs of separation or stranger anxiety - it was a longitudinal study, lasting 18 months
- they visited the infants on a monthly basis & once again at the end of the 18 month period.
24
Q
define whats meant by a baby expressing/ showing stranger anxiety
A
when the show signs of distress as a response to the appearance of a stranger
25
define whats meant by a baby expressing/ showing separation anxiety
when an infant protests at separation from the caregiver
26
what is meant by social referencing ?
how often the infant looks at their carer to check how they should respond to something new
27
what was found in Schaffer and Emerson’s study?
| state 4 findings
-They found that the babies of parents/carergivers who had 'sensitive responsiveness' - (who were more sensitive to the baby's signals) - were more likely to have formed an attachment.
-They found that sensitive responsiveness was more important than the amount of time spent with the baby
(infants formed more attachments with those who spent less time with them but were more sensitive to their needs than those who spent more time with them but were less sensitive)
-Infants who had parents who responded to their needs quickly and spent more time interacting with the child had more intense attachments. Those who had parents who did not interact with their child at all had very weak attachments.
-Attachments seemed to form when the caregiver communicates and plays with the child rather than when the caregiver feeds or cleans the child.
28
by 10 months, what attachment stage were many of the infants at? (schaffer and emerson)
multiple attachments
29
whats a limitation of Schaffer and Emerson’s study due to the participants?
(PEEL)
P- it lacks population validity
E- infants in the study all came from Glasgow and were mostly from working class families. In
addition, the small sample size of 60 families reduces the strength of the conclusion we can draw from the study.
E- cannot be generalised, and so is a limited explanation of attachment development.
L- Schaffer's stages of attachment lack both population validity and temporal validity -
parenting techniques have significantly changed since the 1950s, such as through the influence of Bowlby's work on attachment, and so caution should be taken when generalising the findings.
30
whats a strength of Schaffer and Emerson’s study due to how the babies were observed?
(PEE) no L
P: good external validity
E: most observations-excluding stranger anxiety- were made by parents during ordinary activities and reported to the researchers. the alternative would’ve been to have them present to record observations.
E: this might have distracted the babies or made them feel more anxious. this means it’s highly likely that the babies behaved normally while being observed.
31
whats a counterpoint to the argument (or point) tht Schaffer and Emerson’s study has good external validity? (regarding WHO made observations in this study)
-mothers being the observers could mean they were biased regarding what they’d noticed vs wht they ended up reporting to researchers .
-eg they maybe not noticed or remembered when baby was showing symptoms of anxiety or may have mistaken it as something else.
32
what did schaffer and emerson find regarding babies’ attachment to fathers?
most babies attach to their father,, but rarely as the first attachment
33
according to schaffer and emerson, by 18 months what percentage of babies attach to their father?
a)40%
b)65%
c)75%
75% (c)
34
according to schaffer and emerson, what percentage of babies attach to their father as their first sole attachment figure?
a)4%
b)3%
c)2%
3% (b)
35
What does Grossman et al argue regarding the role of the father?
-they may have a distinctive role involving play and stimulation
36
What do Schaffer and emerson’s findings suggest? (regarding fathers and attachment)
tht the role of the father is important but that its unlikely that they’re likely to be the first person a child develops an attachment to.
37
according to schaffer and emerson, what percentage of babies attach to their father as their joint attachment figure w/ their mothers ?
a)29%
b)20%
c)27%
27% (c)
38
at 18mths what did Schaffer and emerson find babies doing tht indicated tht they’d attached to their dads?
they’d protest when their father walked away
39
what type of study did grossmann et al carry out to find out the impact of paternal attachment on a child’s development
a longitudinal study where babies attachments were studied until they were teens
40
what did grossmann et al find when researching into the impact of paternal attachment on children’s development?
quality of a baby’s attachment with mums but not dads was related to attachments in adolescence
41
-what do grossmann et al findings suggest ?
-however, what did grossmann et al also find?
(regarding father and infant play)
-tht attachment to fathers is less important than attachment to mothers
-that the quality of fathers’ play w/ babies was related to the quality of adolescent attachment
42
what ROLE do dads have according to grossmann's findings?
that fathers have a different role from mothers one that is more to do with play and stimulation, and less to do with emotional development
43
What did Field do to show that fathers can still be primary attachment figures? (outline the procedure)
they filmed babes who were 4 mths old in face to face interaction w/ primary caregiver mothers, secondary caregiver fathers and primary caregiver fathers.
44
what did field find?
that like primary caregiver mums, primary caregiver dads spent more time smiling at, imitating and holding babies than secondary caregiver fathers
45
what is suggested by Field’s findings?
that a tough mums are often expected to become primary attachment figures, father actually can be primary figures too.
46
what is a limitation of Grossmann's research into the father’s role?
(use PEEL)
P:it doesn’t take into account non heterosexual partnerships.
E: if fathers play aa key role in the development of attachments then it would be expected tht children from same sex parents or single parents would develop differently from the kids of heterosexual parents (which is unlikely)
E: another study found tht kids of single mums and lesbian-parents families don’t develop differently from those of two heterosexual parents
L: suggests tht the role of fathers isn’t as important as other studies suggest
47
what’s a strength of research on role of fathers (general point-not related to a specific study) ?
(PEE)
P: there’s good real-world application
E:research can be used to help parents or prospective (future) parents make decisions by who is to be the primary caregiver
E: meaning that families can make informed decisions abt which parent (s) return to work following the birth of a child.
48
define what Lorenz's concept of 'imprinting' means? (what's imprinting?)
when animals attach to the first moving object or person that they see at birth
49
what animals did Lorenz use to demonstrate imprinting?
geese
50
how did lorenz demonstrate how imprinting works?
one group of goslings were hatch in an incubator w/ their mothers, the others were hatched w/ him, where half of the goslings that saw him first attached to and followed Lorenz.
51
wht did lorenz find?
-that the incubator group followed lorenz everywhere whereas the control group (imprinted on to mum) followed her.when the two groups were mixed up, the control group followed the mothers and the experimental group followed lorenz.
-that the critical period in which imprinting takes place for birds is as brief as a few hours after birth.
-if imprinting didn’t occur within that time he found that chicks didnt attach themselves to a mother figure
52
what did lorenz observe regarding sexual imprinting?
that birds that imprinted on a human would often later display courtship behaviour towards humans.
53
outline the evidence that lorenz used to conclude that birds undergo sexual imprinting
“he had described that…”
he had described that a peacock being reared in the reptile house of a zoo and first say giant tortoises after hatching. As an adult, this bird would only direct courtship behaviour towards giant tortoises. Lorenz had concluded that the peacock had undergone sexual imprinting .
54
why are animal studies carried out on animals rather than on humans?
i) give two practical reasons
-for ethical and practical reasons
i) practical reasons: animals breed faster and researchers are interested in seeing results across more than one generation of animals
55
P: A strength of Lorenz’s research is the existence of support for the concept of imprinting.
complete the rest of the PEE paragraph
P: A strength of Lorenz’s research is the existence of support for the concept of imprinting.
E: Regolin and Vallortigara’s study- simple shape combinations (eg a triangle with a rectangle in front) that moved were the first moving objects tht a chick saw right after birth. A range of other shape combinations were then moved in front of them and they followed the one they first saw most closely.
E: Supports view tht young animals are born w/ an innate mechanism to imprint on a moving object that’s present during their critical period, as predicted by Lorenz
56
P: a limitation of lorenz’s studies is that the findings and conclusions from birds can not be generalised to humans
finish the PEE paragraph
P: a limitation of lorenz’s studies is that the findings and conclusions from birds can not be generalised to humans
E: the way that mammals attach to each other is a lot more different and complex than the way that birds do. E.g for mammals attachment is a two-way process whereby mothers also form an emotional attachment to their young at the same time that the infant does rather than attachment being formed by the young to their mother only.
E: Means that it is probably not appropriate to generalise Lorenz’s ideas to humans.
57
what study/research can be used to support/emphasise the ‘importance of contact comfort’?
Harlow’s rhesus monkeys study
58
Outline Harlow’s procedure (attachment)
-16 baby monkeys were given two wire model ‘mothers’. the plain wire model ‘mother’ dispensed milk whereas the other mother also dispensed milk but was cloth-covered.
59
-wht did harlow find?
-wht did the finding show?
-baby monkeys cuddled and sought comfort from cloth covered mother when frightened (eg by a noisy mechanical teddy bear) instead of plain wire mother.
-this showed that ‘contact comfort’ was more important than food when it came to attachment behaviour.
60
-what later happened to the monkeys who were reared by plain-wire mothers (vs those who were reared by cloth-covered mothers)?
-how did monkeys reared by plain-wire mothers behave when they became mothers themselves?
-monkeys reared by plain-wire mothers were more aggressive, less sociable than other monkeys and were unskilled at mating so bred less often
-some neglected their young and others attacked their children, even killing them in some cases
61
NOT PEE: whats a limitation of Harlow's research
P: findings and conclusions cant be easily applied to humans
E: rhesus monkeys may be more similar to humans than geese/goslings but the human brain and behaviour is still a lot more complex
E: so its not appropriate to generalise findings to humans
62
who suggested the learning/cupboard love theory?
Dolland and Miller
63
what does the learning theory/cupboard love theory suggest?
the theory suggests that infants learn to form an attachment with whoever feeds them
64
classical conditioning involves learning through...
through association
65
how does classical conditioning occur in attachment? (learning theory)
unconditioned stimulus= UCS, unconditioned response=UCR, neutral stimulus=NS, conditioned stimulus= CS, conditioned response=CR
-food=UCS elicits UCR of pleasure from being fed
-the caregiver=NS produces no response in infant
-food as the UCS is provided by the caregiver=NS and as this continues to happen, over time, baby will develop the expectation of food
-now NS is the CS eliciting a now CR of pleasure. so attachment is formed
66
operant conditioning involves learning through...
-explain a bit more
through learning the consequences of behaviour
-if there are positive consequences for behaviour, its likely to be repeated and is now REINFORCED. if there are negative consequences, behaviour's less likely to be repeated.
67
how does operant conditioning occur in attachment? (learning theory) regarding baby's behaviour
when baby cries, it leads to a response from caregiver e.g being fed. as long as caregiver provides correct response, crying is reinforced. baby then directs crying to caregiver who responds with comforting 'social suppressor' behaviour
68
how does operant conditioning occur in attachment? (learning theory) regarding caregiver's behaviour
at the same time baby is reinforced for crying, caregiver receives negative reinforcement bc the crying stops- escaping from something unpleasant is reinforcing.
69
-explain the concept of drive reduction
-what does Sears et al suggest?
-hunger can be thought of as a primary drive-its an innate, biological motivator. infants are motivated to eat in order to reduce the hunger drive.
-as caregivers provide food, the primary drive of hunger becomes generalised to them. attachment is thus a secondary drive learned by an association between the caregiver and the satisfaction of a primary drive.
70
whats a limitation of the learning theory? think abt how animals attached in Lorenz and/or Harlow's studies
P: it lacks support from research studies that have been done on animals.
E: Lorenz; geese imprinted on first moving object regardless of whether it provided food. Harlow; had used to surrogate mothers who both produces milk but rhesus monkeys displayed attachment behaviour with cloth covered mother specifically
E: shows that factors other than association with food are important in attachment formation.
71
whats a limitation of the learning theory? think abt wht Schaffer & Emerson (S+E) and/or Isabella et al found in their studies
P: lacks support from studies that have been done on humans
E: S+E; found that infants tended to form their main attachment to mothers even if they weren't the one who usually gave food. Isabelle et al; found that high levels of interactional synchrony predicted quality of attachment.
Theses factors aren't related to feeding
E: suggests tht food isnt the main factor in the formation of human attachments
72
whats a strength of the learning theory?
P: elements of conditioning could be involved in some aspects of attachment
E: bc though its unlikely tht association w/ food plays key role in attachment, it may be tht baby may associate feeling warm+comfortable w/ presence of a particular adult. this may influence baby's choice of their main attachment figure.
E: means tht learning theory may still be useful in understanding the development of attachments
73
define the term 'internal working model'
a child's mental representation of their relationship with their primary attachment figure. this serves as a 'template' for one's perception on wht future relationships are like.
74
who suggested the monotropic theory?
Bowlby
75
what does the monotropic theory suggest?
tht attachment is the result of evolutionary behaviours towards a primary caregiver
76
what does the term monotropic mean and how does it relate to its theory?
its means having a primary attachment figure. the theory emphasises on how this one attachment is rent from others and is more important
77
according to bowlby, the more time a baby spent w/ this primary attachment figure/mother...
the better their attachment was
78
what were the two reasons bowlby gave for why the more time a baby spent with their primary attachment figure the better?
(what were the two law? "the law of... and the law of...")
- the law of continuity
-the law of accumulated separation
79
what does the law of continuity state?
the more constant a child's care, the better the quality of attachment
80
what does the law of accumulated separation state?
the effects of every separation adds up. so, 'the safest dose is therefore a zero dose.'
81
define what social releasers are
a set of cute 'innate ' behaviours that babies are born w/.
82
give 3 examples of social releasers
-smiling
-cooing
-gripping
83
what are the purpose of social releasers?
to activate adult social interaction (i.e make an adult attach to the baby)
84
define what the critical period/ sensitive period is+ how long it is (according to bowlby)
it’s when the infant attachment system is active. it last about 2 years
85
what does bowlby suggest will happen if an attachment isn’t formed during the sensitive period?
the child will find it much harder to form an attachment in the future
86
what does the acronym 'ASCMIC' stand for
A-adaptive
S-social releasers
C-critical period
M-monotropy
I-internal working model
C-continuity hypothesis
87
if a child whose first experience is a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver, what type of expectations abt relationships are they most likely to form?
a positive one- that all relationships are loving and reliable
88
if a child whose first experience involves poor treatment, what type of expectations abt relationships are they most likely to form?
negative ones- as they would expect negative treatment from others.
89
the internal working model doesn’t affect a child’s ability to be a parent themselves later on in life
FALSE- it does
90
what’s a limitation of Bowlby's monotropic theory? specifically criticising the concept of monotropy/ Bowlby's view on what makes the attachment between infant and primary attachment figure different
-relationship w/ primary attachment figure may simply be stronger than other attachments, rather than different in quality, as Bowlby claims.
-other family members may develop attachments with the baby that have the same qualities, such as comfort and a secure base from which to explore.
-means that Bowlby may have been wrong to suggest tht there’s a unique quality in a child’s primary attachment
91
what’s a strength of Bowlby's monotropic theory?
regarding the role of social releasers.
think what brazelton et al found.
NOT PEE- more like Brief summary on study, Findings and explain lol :)
-brazelton et al instructed primary attachment figures to ignore their babies' social releasers.
-babies (who were previously shown to be normally responsive)initially showed some distress, but eventually some curled up+ lay motionless
-supports idea tht social releasers play an imp role in attachment and development
-
92
what’s a strength of Bowlby's monotropic theory?
regarding importance of the internal working model in the future
P: there's evidence to support its importance
E: bailey et al assessed attachment relationships in 99 mums + their 1yr old babies. researchers found tht mum who reported having poor attachments w/ parents were more likely to have poorly attached 1 yr olds
E: supports Bowlby's idea tht caregivers' ability to form attachments to their own babies is influenced by their internal working models.
93
who was the strange situation developed by?
Mary Ainsworth
94
what was the aim of the strange situation?
to observe the quality of attachment in infants to their caregiver
95
what type of observation is the strange situation?
a controlled observation
96
In the Strange Situation, where is the baby's behaviour observed, and what equipment is used for observation?
-in a room with quite controlled settings (i.e a laboratory)
-with a two way mirror and/or cameras so that baby's behaviour can be observed
97
in the strange situation, there were 7 stages which each lasted 3 minutes.
outline the 7 stages (the procedure) xx
1) caregiver enter room, places child on floor and sits on a chair. caregiver doesn't interact with child unless infant seeks attention
2) a stranger enters room, talks to caregiver and then approaches child with a toy
3) caregiver exits room. if infant plays the stranger observes w/o interruption. if child is passive, stranger attempts to interest them in the toy. if they show distress, stranger attempts to comfort them.
4) caregiver returns while stranger then leaves
5) once infant begins to play again, caregiver may leave the room leaving child alone briefly
6) stranger enters room again + repeats behaviour of observing, engaging and comforting child as needed
7) stranger leaves and caregiver returns.
98
what 5 behaviours where used to judge a baby's attachment?
-proximity seeking
-exploration and secure base behaviour
-stranger anxiety
-separation anxiety
-response to reunion w/ (caregiver)
99
what did Ainsworth find? (strange situation)
that there were distinct patterns in the ways that babies behaved and that there were three main attachment types
100
what were the three attachment types identified by ainsworth?
secure attachment (TYPE B), insecure-avoidant (TYPE A), insecure-resistant (TYPE C).
101
how do children who are insecurely attached (type A) behave ?
-they explore freely but don't seek proximity or show secure-base behaviour.
-they show little to no reaction when caregiver leaves and little stranger anxiety.
-they make little effort to make contact when caregiver returns + my even avoid such contact
102
what % of British babies are classified as insecure avoidant (TYPE A)?
20-25%
103
how do children who are securely attached (TYPE B) behave ?
-these babies explore happily but regularly go back to caregiver (proximity-seeking and secure base behaviour)
-they usually show moderate separation distress and stranger anxiety
-they require and accept comfort from the caregiver in the reunion stage
104
what % of British babies are classified as secure (TYPE B)?
60-75%
105
how do children who have a insecure- resistant attachment (TYPE C) behave?
-these babies seek greater proximity than others and so explore less.
-they show high levels of stranger and separation anxiety/distress
-BUT they resist comfort when reunited w/ their caregiver.
106
what % of British babies are classified as insecure-resistant (TYPE C)?
around 3%
107
whats a limitation of the strange situation regarding ethics?
P: there are ethical concerns
E: 20% of children were crying desperately at one point
E: highlights how it lacks ethicality as ppes could have experienced psychological harm
108
whats a limitation of the strange situation regarding the culture/background of the ppes?
P: study lacks population validity
E: findings based primarily on babies from western culture+ almost all studies were carried out in US
E: so it suffers from culture bias, making findings and criteria less generalisable to other cultures
109
what's a strength of the strange situation regarding the fact that it was observed by multiple ppl/psychologists?
hint: whats the term used to describe when multiple ppl can/have observed the same thing and came to the same conclusions? ;)
P: it has good inter-rate reliability
E: diff observers watching the same babies generally agree on attachment type as it takes place under controlled conditions + behavioural categories are easy to observe
E: means that one can be sure tht the attachment type identified in strange situation doesn't just depend on who's observing them.
110
Outline the procedure of
Ijzendoorn et al (and Kroonenberg)
they conducted a meta anmalysis of 32 studies using 8 countries,
111
What is meant by cultural variations?
Cultural variations refer to how behaviour may be a product of cultural norms and social practices.
112
Which one of the following countries was not included in Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg's (1988) meta-analysis of cross-cultural replications of the Strange Situation?
a) Sweden
b) Japan
c) France
d) Israel
c.
France was not included in Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg's (1988) meta-analysis of cross-cultural replications of the Strange Situation.
113
True or False?
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg found that in collectivist cultures (such as China and Japan), insecure resistant attachment represents 25% of infants assessed.
True.
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg found that in collectivist cultures (such as China and Japan), insecure resistant attachment represents 25% of infants assessed.
114
Which attachment type did Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg find to be the most common across cultures?
a) Secure
b) Insecure avoidant
c) Insecure resistant
a.
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg found secure attachment to be the most common across cultures.
115
True or False?
Simonelli et al.'s (2014) findings support the findings of Ainsworth's original Strange Situation study.
False.
Simonelli et al.'s (2014) findings do not support the findings of Ainsworth's original Strange Situation study.
They found that 50% of infants were securely attached, which is lower than in Ainsworth's original Strange Situation study.
116
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg found 150% greater variation in ______cultural studies greater than in _____ cultural studies.
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg found 150% greater variation in INTRA -cultural studies than in INTER -cultural studies.
117
What is meant by
inter-cultural differences?
Inter-cultural differences refer to differences between cultures
118
what is meant by intra-cultural differences?
intra-cultural differences refer to differences within the same culture.
119
what did Ijzendoorn et al (and Kroonenberg) find regarding secure attachment?
secure atachment was the most common classification in all countries, but ranged from 50% in China to 75% in Britain
120
what did Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg find that suggested that there were cultural diffs in the distribution of INSECURE (both avoidant and resistant) attachment?
make two points and think of the terms collectivist and individualist
-in individualist cultures rates of insecure-RESISTANT attachment were similar to Ainsworth's original sample (all under 14%)
-but in collectivist samples from China, Japan and Israel where rates were above 25% (+ where rates of insecure-avoidant attachment were lower/reduced)
121
Fill in the gaps:
_______ assessed 7_ babies aged 12_____ in _____ (what country) using the strange situation.
-Simonelli et al
-6 (as in 76 babies lol)
-months
-Italy
122
who compared the attachment types of 87 Korean babies to proportions in other studies ?
Jin et al
123
what did Simonelli find? ( a strange situation variation)
-50% were secure, 36% insecure-avoidant
124
why did Simonelli conduct their study?
to see whether the proportion of attachment types still matched previous studies in Italy
125
what was the reason for Simonelli's findings? (a strange situation variation) and what did it show regarding cultural/societal changes ?
-(the lower rate of secure attachment) may have been due to increase in mum working long hours and needing to use more childcare.
-it showed tht cultural changes can affect patterns of attachment
126
what did Jin find ?
(2 points to mention)
-tht the patterns of secure and insecure attachment were similar to ones found in other studies
-however, within insecure categories there were diffs as only one baby was avoidant.
127
why were Jin's (Korean) findings similar to those found in Japan?
bc both countries have similar child-reading practices
128
whats a strength of Ijzendoorn's research ?regarding sample size
P: findings were based on a large sample size
E: 32 studies on infant which in total yielded results for nearly 2000 babies were meta-analysed
E: this increases internal validity as they reduce the impact of anomalous results ( e.g from bad methodology)
129
whats a limitation of Ijzendoorn's research regarding external variables ? (specifically what type)
P: its likely that cofounding variables may have impacted findings
E: diff countries may have followed the procedure of strange situation with a varied methodology. e.gs of possible cofounding variables are: social class+exact age of babies
E: means tht there findings may lack validity and tht they tell us little abt cultural diffs in attachment
130
whats a limitation of Ijzendoorn's research? regarding the fact that the strange situation made and tested IN THE WEST (wink wink) was used in other CULTURES?
P: using strange situation in a different cultural context from the 1 for which it was designed may be meaningless
E: strange situation was designed in USA where lack of affection @ reunion behaviour represents insecure attachment. but in Germany, it would be seen as independence
E: means tht it may be meaningless to compare attachment behaviour across countries
131
what two ideas does Ijzendoorn's research support
-tht secure attachment is required for healthy social and emotional development
-attachment's an innate process
132
according to Bowlby's theory of MATERNAL DEPREVATION, what are some of the consequences of maternal deprivation?
state 4
-an inability to form attachments in the future
-affectionless psychopathy
-delinquency
-issues w/ cognitive development
133
according to Bowlby's maternal dep theory, how is separation different from deprivation?
-separation= child isnt able to physically be in presence of primary attachment figure but deprivation= the loss of emotional care dure to separation
-deprivation can be avoided if alternative emotional care is offered, so separation doesnt always cause deprivation
134
what does bowlby's maternal dep theory state abt the critical period?
(3 points to be made)
-it occurs within the first 2 and a half years
-if child is separated from mother and there's no suitable substitute care- so is deprived of emotional care for an extended duration during this critical period, psychological damage was inevitable
- theres also a continuing risk up to age of 5
135
according to maternal dep theory, how does maternal deprivation impact intellectual development?
-it leads to child having a lower IQ (and mental retardation)
136
_what study supports bowlby's view that maternal deprivation can lower IQ?
-& what was found?
- Goldfarb
-they found lower IQs in kids who had remained in institutions compared to fostered kids who thus had a higher standard of emotional care
137
define the term 'affectionless psychopathy'
the inability to experience guilt or strongw emotions towards others
138
affectionless psychopathy prevents a person from developing normal _____ and is associated with ______
-relationships
-criminality
139
outline the procedure of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
note three things
-sample in study= 44 delinquent teens accused of stealing
-all 'thieves' were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy: characterised by a lack of affection, guilt and empathy
-families were also interviewed to establish any prolonged separations form mothers .
140
what did bowlby find in 44 thieves study ?
-14 or 44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths
-12 of these had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers in 1st 2 yrs of their lives
-only 5 of the remaining 30 'thieves' has experienced separations
141
what did bowlby conclude from the 44 thieves study ?
tht prologued early separation/deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy
142
define whats meant by privation
when a child fails to form any attachments at all
143
whats a limitation of bowlby's 44 thieves study regarding bias?
P: it suffers from researcher bias
E: bowlby was aware of what he wanted to find and so may have phrased interview questions in a way which may have influenced the respondents answers.
E: means tht bowlby originally had no evidence to base his maternal deprivation theory on as bias may have been present
144
whats a limitation of bowlby's 44 theieves study (maternal derivation theory) regarding privation vs deprivation?
P: bowlby may have confused deprivation w/ privation
E:Rutter observed tht affectionless psychopathy's more likely 2b a result of privation rather than deprivation as teens from 44 thieves study had disrupted early lives+may have never formed attachments in the 1st place
E:suggests tht Bowlby may've placed too much cause on the effects of deprivation on children's development
145
what was rutter's aim?
to investigate effects of institutionalisation in a group of 165 Romanian orphans
146
outline the procedure of rutter's study
(2x things)
-a group of 165 Romanian orphans were assessed and studied a ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years old in terms of psychological, emotional and physical development
-these results were compared to 52 kids adopted in Britain at around same time ( the control group)
147
outline the findings of rutter's study (state 4)
-majority of orphans were malnourished
-@ 11yrs adopted kids showed differential rates of recovery tht were related to age of adoption
-mean IQ of kids adopted b4 6mnths old was 102, compared to 86 for those adopted between 6mths-2yrs and 77 for those adopted after 2yrs old
-those adopted after they were 6mths showed signs of a disinhibited attachment style whereas kids adopted b4 6mths rarely showed this attachment style
148
what are some symptoms of a disinhibited attachment style? ( state 3)
- attention-seeking
- clinginess
- social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards both familiar and unfamiliar (strangers) adults
149
what conclusions were made from rutter's study?
-kids left in institutions throughout critcal period are more likely 2 have lower IQs and develop/have a disinhibited attachment style due to constant changes in caregiver
150
outline zeanah et al's Bucharest early intervention project
-used strange situation to asses attachment in 95 Romanian kids aged 12-31 months who had spent most of their lives in institutional care
-they were compared to a control group of 50 kids who'd never experienced institutional care
151
what did zeanah find?
-only 19% of institutionalised group were securely attached (compared to 74% from control group)
-44% of institutionalised group had characteristics of disinhibited attachment ( compared to 20% of the control group)
152
whats a limitation of Rutter's Romanian orphans study regarding the fact it lacks a certain type of external validity?
P: it lacks ecological validity as conditions of the Romanian orphanages were especially poor.
E: eg cases of abuse were frequently reported and the orphanages didn't provide any intellectual stimulation
E: since the average orphanage would have considerably better conditions, this suggests findings cant be generalised beyond the research setting they were found in.
153
whats a strength of rutter's Romanian orphan studies
P: results from this research have lead to improvements in the way kids are cared for in institutions
E: children's homes now avoid having a large no of caregivers for EACH child. they now have 1 or 2 'key workers' who play a central role
E: means kids in institutional care have a chance to develop normal attachments and disinhibited attachment is avoided
154
Bowlby said tht when first main attachments are formed, and interanl working model is formed.
what is an internal working model?
a mental template for what a relationship is and how to behave
155
-An infant whose first experience of a relationship is loving and nurturing will likely form...?
-what type of behaviours r they likely to show?
-healthy attachment relationships later on in life
-secure attachment behaviours
156
-An infant who has a negative relationship with their primary attachment figure may mean they find it...?
-what type of behaviours r they likely to show?
-difficult to form healthy and functional relationships
-insecure-avoidant or insecure-resistant attachments
157
what did Myron-Wilson and Smith find when assessing attachment types and bullying involvement using standard questionaries in kids ages 7-11?
insecure avoidant kids were most likely 2 b victims and insecure-resistant were most likely to be bullied.
158
in what 2 ways can the internal working model have an impact in adulthood?
-(it can have an impact on one's) parenting style
-(it can have an impact on one's) romantic relationships
159
what did Bailey find (influence of early attachments on later relationships-specifically parenting)
majority of mums had the same attachment classification to their babies as they had to their own mums
160
outline Hazan and Shaver's study
-researchers analysed 620 replies to a 'love quiz' printed in an American local newspaper
-the quiz had 3 sections; current or most important relationship, general love experiences, attachment type
161
what did Hazan and Shaver find?
(3 things- 1 point combines all statistics together, the other two are points abt avoidant vs secure respondents)
-56% of respondents were identified as securely attached, 25% insecure-avoidant and 19% insecure resistant
-avoidant respondents tended to have a fear of intimacy and reveal jealousy
-secure respondents were most likely to have longer-lasting romantic experiences
162
what did Hazan an Shaver's findings support?
the concept that the internal working model has a lifelong effect on attachment and relationships
163
whats a limitation of research into the influence of early attachment regarding a lack of validity bc of how results are found/conclusion are made?
P: it relies on retrospective assessment/ppes where assessed retrospectively
E: Most of the studies involve assessing adult participants through questions about their early life, relationships with parents, peers+ partners.
E:this lowers validity as ppl may answer dishonestly or may not have accurate memories of their childhood
164
whats a limitation of research into the influence of early attachment? regarding confounding variables
P: the existence of confounding variables
E: attachment quality in childhood may be affected by genetic influences eg personality type or parenting style may influence both attachment quality + later development
E: means tht its not certain tht early attachment is the only factor tht influences later development (bc of these confounding variables)
