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Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

define interactional synchrony

A

when a caregiver and infant reflect each other’s emotions and actions in a coordinated way

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2
Q

define the term ‘reciprocity’ and give an example

A

-a form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness, with both infant and mother responding to each other’s signals, and each elicits a response from the other.
-smiling; when baby smiles, it triggers the caregiver to smile vice versa

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3
Q

identify Schaffer’s stages of attachment

A

-asocial
-indiscriminate
-specific
-multiple

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4
Q

how long is the asocial stage (Schaffer)?

A

0-6 weeks

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5
Q

describe wht happens during the asocial stage

A

when very young infants react to stimuli, both social and non-social, produce a favourable reaction, such as a smile.

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6
Q

give an example of social stimuli

A

seeing the caregiver or any other person

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7
Q

give an example of non-social stimuli

A

a baby mobile or a toy

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8
Q

how long is the indiscriminate stage ?

A

(6 weeks to 7 months)

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9
Q

describe wht happens during the indiscriminate [attachment] stage ( mention 2 things)

A

-infants enjoy human company regardless of who it is and most babies respond equally to any caregiver.
-they get upset when an individual ceases to interact with them.

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10
Q

how long is the specific [attachment] stage ?

A

(7 – 9 months)

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11
Q

describe wht happens during the specific [attachment] stage

A

infants start to show the classic signs of attachment towards one person.

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12
Q

according to Schaffer, at wht stage is a baby said to have formed a attachment w/ a specific person?

A

the specific stage

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13
Q

what are the classical signs shown by an infant that indicate tht a specific attachment has been made?

A

-stranger & separation anxiety

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14
Q

define wht’s meant by a primary attachment figure?
-as well as how they can be identified (2 things)

A

the person with whom the baby has formed a specific attachment with.
-this the person who offers the most interaction & responds to the baby’s signals with the most skill.
-NOT the one who is with the baby the most

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15
Q

how long is the multiple [attachment] stage ?

A

(10 months and onwards)

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16
Q

describe wht happens during the multiple [attachment] stage

A

-babies becomes more independent + forms many attachments. by 18 mths, majority have formed multiple attachments.

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17
Q

wht did the study’s results indicate in regards to how attachments were made?

A

that attachments were most likely to form with those who responded accurately to the baby’s signals, not the person they spent more time with.

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18
Q

what was the difference infants with intense attachments and weak attachments?

A

-Intensely attached infants had mothers who responded quickly to their demands and, interacted with their child.
- weakly attached infants had mothers who failed to interact.

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19
Q

Who conducted research on the different stages of attachment?

A

Schaffer and Emerson

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20
Q

Whats a strength of Schaffer and Emmerson’s research? (PEEL)

-the 1st ‘E’ is more of an ‘outline’ (the way they researched it) explanation

A

P: It has good external validity
E: Most observations were made by parents during ordinary activities&reported to the researchers.
E:The alternative would have been to have researchers present to observe the babies and this might have distracted them or made them more anxious
L: This means tht its highly likely tht the participants behaved naturally while being observed.

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20
Q

what was the aim of Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

to identify stages of attachment / find a pattern in the development of attachment between parents and infants

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20
Q

who were the participants in Schaffer and Emerson’s study?
-include number of them and where they live

A

60 babies from Glasgow, all from the same estate.

21
Q

describe the procedure of Schaffer and Emerson’s study
(theres 5 steps. no3 is quite chunky tho)

A
  1. they analysed the interactions between infants and caregivers
  2. they interviewed the carers
  3. the mum had to keep a diary to track of infant’s behaviour based on the following measures:
    social referencing, any signs of separation or stranger anxiety
  4. it was a longitudinal study, lasting 18 months
  5. they visited the infants on a monthly basis & once again at the end of the 18 month period.
22
Q

define whats meant by a baby expressing/ showing stranger anxiety

A

when the show signs of distress as a response to the appearance of a stranger

23
Q

define whats meant by a baby expressing/ showing separation anxiety

A

when they are distressed as a response to a caregiver leaving and how much comfort they need from the caregiver when they return

24
Q

what is meant by social referencing ?

A

how often the infant looks at their carer to check how they should respond to something new

25
Q

what was found in Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

-They found that the babies of parents/carers who had ‘sensitive responsiveness’ - (who were more sensitive to the baby’s signals) - were more likely to have formed an attachment.

-They found that sensitive responsiveness was more important than the amount of time spent with the baby, so infants formed more attachments with those who spent less time with them but were more sensitive to their needs than those who spent more time with them but were less sensitive.

-Infants who had parents who responded to their needs quickly and spent more time interacting with the child had more intense attachments. Those who had parents who did not interact with their child at all had very weak attachments.

-Attachments seemed to form when the carer communicates and plays with the child rather than when the carer feeds or cleans the child.

26
Q

by 10 months, what attachment stage were many of the infants at? (schaffer and emerson)

A

multiple attachments

27
Q

whats a limitation of Schaffer and Emerson’s study due to the participants?

(PEEL)

A

P- it lacks population validity
E- infants in the study all came from Glasgow and were mostly from working class families. In
addition, the small sample size of 60 families reduces the strength of the conclusion we can draw from the study.

E- cannot be generalised, and so is a limited explanation of attachment development.

L- Schaffer’s stages of attachment lack both population validity and temporal validity -
parenting techniques have significantly changed since the 1950s, such as through the influence of Bowlby’s work on attachment, and so caution should be taken when generalising the findings.

28
Q

whats a strength of Schaffer and Emerson’s study due to how the babies were observed?

(PEE) no L

A

P: good external validity
E: most observations-excluding stranger anxiety- were made by parents during ordinary activities and reported to the researchers. the alternative would’ve been to have them present to record observations.
E: this might have distracted the babies or made them feel more anxious. this means it’s highly likely that the babies behaved normally while being observed.

29
Q

whats a counterpoint to the argument (or point) tht Schaffer and Emerson’s study has good external validity?

A

-mothers being the observers could mean they ere biased regarding what they’d noticed vs wht they ended up reporting to researchers .
-eg they maybe not noticed or remembered when baby was showing symptoms of anxiety or may have mistaken it as something else.

30
Q

what did schaffer and emerson find regarding babies’ attachment to fathers?

A

most babies attach to their father,, but rarely as the first attachment

31
Q

according to schaffer and emerson, by 18 months what percentage of babies attach to their father?

a)40%
b)65%
c)75%

A

75% (c)

32
Q

according to schaffer and emerson, what percentage of babies attach to their father as their first sole attachment figure?

a)4%
b)3%
c)2%

A

3% (b)

33
Q

What does Grossman et al argue regarding the role of the father?

A

-they may have a distinctive role involving pay and stimulation

34
Q

What do Schaffer and emerson’s findings suggest? (regarding fathers and attachment)

A

tht the role of the father is important but that its unlikely that they’re unlikely to be the first person a child develops an attachment to.

35
Q

according to schaffer and emerson, what percentage of babies attach to their father as their joint attachment figure w/ their mothers ?

a)29%
b)20%
c)27%

A

27% (c)

36
Q

at 18mths what did Schaffer and emerson find babies doing tht indicated tht they’d attached to their dads?

A

they’d protest when their father walked away

37
Q

what type of study did grossmann et al carry out to find out the impact of paternal attachment on a child’s development

A

a longitudinal study where babies attachments were studied until they were teens

38
Q

what did grossmann et al find when researching into the impact of paternal attachment on children’s development?

A

quality of a baby’s attachment with mums but not dads was related to attachments in adolescence

39
Q

what do grossmann et al findings suggest ?

A

tht attachment to fathers is less important than attachment to mothers

40
Q

however, what did grossmann et al also find?

(regarding paternal-infant attachment and later, adolescent attachment)

A

that the quality of fathers’ play w/ babies was related to the quality of adolescent attachment

41
Q

however, what did grossmann et al findings suggest?

(regarding paternal-infant attachment impact on later, adolescent attachment and what ROLE dads have bc of this)

A

that fathers have a different role from mothers one that is more to do with play and stimulation, and less to do with emotional development

42
Q

What did Field do to show that fathers can still be primary attachment figures? (outline the procedure)

A

they filmed babes who were 4 mths old in face to face interaction w/ primary caregiver mothers, secondary caregiver fathers and primary caregiver fathers.

43
Q

what did field find?

A

that like primary caregiver mums, primary caregiver dads spent more ive smilog , imitating and holding babies than secondary caregiver fathers

44
Q

what is suggested by Field’s findings?

A

that a tough mums are often expected to become primary attachment figures, father actually can be primary figures too.

45
Q

what is a limitation of research into the father’s role?
(grossman’s study)
(use PEEL)

A

P:it doesn’t take into account non heterosexual partnerships.
E: if fathers play aa key role in the development of attachments then it would be expected tht children from same sex parents or single parents would develop differently from the kids of heterosexual parents (which is unlikely)
E: another study found tht kids of single mums and lesbian-parents families don’t develop differently from those of two heterosexual parents
L: suggests tht the role of fathers isn’t as important as other studies suggest

46
Q

what’s a strength of research on role of fathers?

(PEE)

A

P: there’s good real-world application
E:research can be used to help parents or prospective (future) parents make decisions by who is to be the primary caregiver
E: meaning that families can make informed decisions abt which parent (s) return to work following the birth of a child.

47
Q

define what Lorenz’s concept of ‘imprinting’ means? (what’s imprinting?)

A

when animals attach to the first moving object or person that they see at birth

48
Q

what animals did Lorenz use to demonstrate imprinting?

A

geese

49
Q

how did lorenz demonstrate how imprinting works?

A

one group of goslings were hatch in an incubator w/ their mothers, the others were hatched w/ him, where half of the goslings that saw him first attached to and followed Lorenz.

50
Q

What did Lorenz find?

A
51
Q
A

Psychology (3 decks)

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